In: Psychology
Detail, with very specific examples of each item, the meaning of the following concepts related to statistical data gathering: Be sure that the concept is first defined, IN YOUR OWN WORDS, and that you use a concrete example (including visual examples) to illustrate your understanding of the statistical concept: Treatment Group; Control Group; Summary Statistic; Numerical Variable; Discrete Variable; Continuous Variable; Ordinal Variable; Nominal Variable; Dependent Variable; Independent Variable; Population; Sample; Simple Random Sample; Stratified Sample;Representative Sample; Convenience Sample; Observational Study; Cohort; Placebo; Prospective Study; Retrospective Study; Cluster; Control Group; Mean; Median; Mode; Histogram; Outlier; Pie Chart;
Treatment Group: In an experiment, a treatment group comprises
of the participants who are exposed to the manipulation of the
independent variable. For example, a researcher wants to find if
eating breakfast in the morning improves concentration throughout
the day. She puts the participants into two groups, those eating
breakfast and those who do not eat breakfast, and compares the
difference between them. The group eating breakfast is the
treatment group in this case.
Control Group: In an experiment, a control group comprises of the
participants who are not exposed to the manipulation of the
independent variable. In the example above, through group not
eating breakfast is the control group.
Summary Statistic: As the name implies, summary statistics are used
to summarize a large set of data such that it is communicated as
briefly and simply as possible. Summary statistics include mean,
minimum, maximum, range, standard deviation, and the like.
Numerical Variable: A numerical variable is quantifiable and can be
represented in numbers. For example, shoe size, temperature, score
on a test, number of endangered species are examples of numerical
variables.
Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to
answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.