Question

make a table of 13 mineral facts including sex and age with RDQand UL

RDA and UL for your demographic (age/sex) - and state what that is.

You can include other age/sex groups but for this assignment I require only one - yours (and remember to say what it is!).

On tests you will need to know RDAs and ULs for all groups - remember that you can refer to the tables inside the text if you have a hard copy or use the scanned RDA/UL tables.

There may not be RDAs or ULs on the tables for every mineral - be sure to check the textbook for all information!

type and storage

indicate if it is a major or trace mineral

include whether/where in the body excess is stored

symptoms of deficiency

summarize the effects on the body if you don't have enough

include the names of any specific diseases or syndromes

symptoms of toxicity

summarize the effects on the body if you get too much

indicate how toxicity could occur (hint - in most cases the risk is from over-supplementation not from food sources)

for some minerals this is rare and/or there is no known toxicity - if that's the case say so

food sources - food groups and specific foods that are good sources

any additional info that you think is important or is emphasized in lecture slides

Answer 1

RDI or Recommended daily allowence means average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97% -98%) healthy people.Tolerable upper intake level means the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the population. As intake increases above the UL,the risk of adverse effects increases.

Daily nutritional goals for Age -Sex groups based on dietary reference intakes

MINERAL	RECOMMENDED DIETRAY ALLOWANCE
CALCIUM	AGE 19-50-1000 mg/day Women age 51+ 1200mg/day Men age 71+ 1200mg/day
CHLORIDE	Age 19-50 2300mg/day Age 50-70:2000mg/day Age 70 and older 1800mgday
COPPER	900 micrograms per day
FLOURIDE	Men - 4mg/day Women -3mg/day
FOLIC ACID	400 mcg/day
IODINE	150mcg/day
IRON	Men age 19-30: 40mg/day Women age 19-50 18mg/day
SELENIUM	55mcgday
SODIUM	Age 19-50 1500mg/day Age 51-70 1300mg/day Age 71 and up 1200mg/day
ZINC	Men 11mg/day Women 8mg/day
MAGNESIUM	Men age 19-30 400mg/day Men age 31 and upto 420mg/day Women age 19-30 310mg/day Women age 31 and up 320mg/day
MANGANESE	Men 2.3mg/day Women 1.8mg/day
PHOSPHOROUS	700mg/day

TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS BY LIFE STAGE GROUP

LIFE STAGE GROUP		VIT C	TOCOPHEROL	SELENIUM
0-6 MONTH		ND	ND	45
7-12 MONTH		ND	ND	60
1-3 Y		400	200	90
4-8Y		650	300	150
9-13 Y		1200	600	280
14-18Y		1800	800	400
19-70 Y		2000	1000	400

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body is essential for a number of functiions. Calcium plays a important role in intracellular siignalling.The skelton contains about 99% of the body's calcium and phosphate. Insufficient calcium in bones can result from inadequate supply of vitamin d which is essential for absorption of calcium. In children, vitamin d deficiency results in rickets,and in adults,osteomalacia, in which bones become weak owing to lack of calcium

Chromium III is the active form of this nutrientand its main functions appear to be linked withcarbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This form of chromium is thought to promote the action of insulin,the hormone which controls glucose levels in the blood. Subjects with adequate dietarychromium have improved control over blood glucose and a better blood lipid profile. Sources of chromium include meat,nuts,cereal grains,brewyer's yeast and molasses.

Potassium is essential for water and electrolyte balance and the normal functioning of cells, including nerves. Increased dietary intake of potassium associated with a decrease in blood pressure as its promotes loss of sodium in the urine.Low blood potassium levels (hypokalemia) can result from svere diarrhea. High supplementary doses of potassium can be harmful especially the kidneys are not functioning properly. Potassium is present almost all foods but fruit especially bananas,vegetables,meat and fish.

Magnesium is an essential mineral for physiological and biochemical functions. It is needed for activation of many enzymes and for parathyroid hormone secretion, which is involved in bone metabolism. It is also needed for mscle and nerve fuction. Nutritonal deficiency is characterised by progressive muscle weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction.

Iron is an essential for the formation of heamoglobin in red blood cells, heamoglobin binds oxygenand transports it around the body. Iron is also an essential component in many enzyme reactions and has important role in the immune system. A lack of dietary iron depletes iron stores in the bodyand this can eventually lead to an iron deficiency anaemia.

Zinc has a key role as a catalyst in a wide range of reactions. It is directly and indirectly involved in the major metabolic pathways concerned with protein,lipid ,carbohydrate and energy metabolismand also for celldivision and therfor for growthand tissue repair and reproductive development. In some countries delayed puberty and small stature have been linked to zinc deficiency.

Iodine is essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothronine which are vital regulators of metabolic rate and of physical and mental development. Iodine deficiency results in lethargy and swelling of thyroid gland in the neckwhich forms agoitre. The only rich sources of iodine are sea foods but milk is also a source.