Question

Please select a topic from EACH/BOTH: Critical Care / Emergency Nursing AND Review a type of shock. Summarize in detail and write a 3-4 paragraph review on each of the topics you selected or choose. “Note”- No handwritten all typed.

1. CRITICAL CARE:

• Mechanical Ventilation
• Hemodynamic Monitoring

2. EMERGENCY and  DISASTER NURSING:

• Environmental Emergencies
• Heat Related Emergencies

3. SHOCK

• Cardiogenic shock
• Hypovolemic shock
• Distributive shock

Answer 1

Ans) Mechanical ventilation, or assisted ventilation, is the medical term for artificial ventilation where mechanical means are used to assist or replace spontaneous breathing.

-  A mechanical ventilator is used to decrease the work of breathing until patients improve enough to no longer need it. The machine makes sure that the body receives adequate oxygen and that carbon dioxide is removed. This is necessary when certain illnesses prevent normal breathing.

- The two main types of mechanical ventilation include positive pressure ventilation where air (or another gas mix) is pushed into the lungs through the airways, and negative pressure ventilation where air is, in essence, sucked into the lungs by stimulating movement of the chest.

Hemodynamic monitoring measures the blood pressure inside the veins, heart, and arteries. It also measures blood flow and how much oxygen is in the blood. It is a way to see how well the heart is working.

- Hemodynamic monitoring refers to measurement of pressure, flow and oxygenation of blood within the cardiovascular system. OR Using invasive technology to provide quantitative information about vascular capacity, blood volume, pump effectiveness and tissue perfusion.

An environmental emergency is defined as a "sudden-onset disaster or accident resulting from natural, technological or human-induced factors, or a combination of these, that causes or threatens to cause severe environmental damage as well as loss of human lives and property."

Heat emergencies have three stages: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. All three stages of heat emergency are serious. Heat stroke can be fatal or cause lifelong complications. Call 911 or go to the emergency room if heat illness is causing vomiting, seizures, or unconsciousness.

Cardiogenic shock is a condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack, but not everyone who has a heart attack has cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock is rare, but it's often fatal if not treated immediately.

Hypovolemiic shock: A condition in which the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is too low.
Causes of hypovolaemia include vomiting, diarrhoea and excessive bleeding. This can lead to shock, a life-threatening condition in which the organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen.

Distributive shock is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs.