Question

Heat is physical principals that is associated with our organism .
discuss the biophysical aspects of Heat . define the biological features of Heat and its use in medicine and pharmacy.
You will prepare a word file, there can be some figures and illustration.

{{AT LEAST 4 PAGES MAXIMUM 7 PAGES .}}

Answer 1

Biophysical Aspects

Humans maintain a relatively constant core temperature through the dynamic balance between endogenous heat production and heat dissipation to the surrounding environment. In response to metabolic or environmental disturbances to heat balance, the autonomic nervous system initiates cutaneous vasodilation and eccrine sweating to facilitate higher rates of dry (primarily convection and radiation) and evaporative transfer from the body surface; however, absolute heat losses are ultimately governed by the properties of the skin and the environment. Over the duration of a heat exposure, the cumulative imbalance between heat production and heat dissipation leads to body heat storage, but the consequent change in core temperature, which has implications for health and safety in occupational and athletic settings particularly among certain clinical populations, involves a complex interaction between changes in body heat content and the body's morphological characteristics (mass, surface area, and tissue composition) that collectively determine the body's thermal inertia.

Biological Features of Heat

In physics, heat is a form of energy transferring between objects because of a difference in temperature. Heat transfers from one that has higher temperature to another that has lower temperature. Transfer may be directly (e.g. contact) or indirectly (e.g. via convection circulation). For chemical systems the sign for heat flow into the system is positive, because this process increases the internal energy of the system. Heat flowing out of the system is defined to be negative, since this process decreases the internal energy of the system

Use of heat in medicines & pharmacy

During the summer, extreme temperatures can hinder proper transportation of medication. Heat trapped in the package coupled with heat in the surrounding vehicle may reduce the medication’s effectiveness, and even render it ineffective. Some drugs, such as nitroglycerin, are especially susceptible to summer heat, and should be kept at the temperature listed on the bottle. Otherwise, they may not work as expected, even though they are not necessarily harmful.However, in some circumstances, the chemical structure of the drug can change and become harmful to your health. Different medications may require different storage temperatures to maintain their effectiveness.

Due to their different compositions, some medicines remain stable at temperatures below 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Other medications decompose to form different compounds, some of which can be toxic. Before leaving your pharmacy, double check the storage instructions, especially if you are using compound medication. And, when transporting medicine, keep it in a container that allows for a free supply of fresh air.

Capsules, tablets, inhalers, liquids, injectables, and more. Medicine comes in many forms and serves many purposes. But one thing they all have in common is they do not do well in extreme temperatures.

Both excessive heat and cold can have significant impact on how well medications — both prescription and over-the-counter — do their job. While that might not be a big deal for a daily vitamin, the impact of a less-than-effective heart medication or asthma inhaler has the potential to be fatal.

Baystate Health’s medication Safety Officer Mark Heelon, explain the facts and offer safety guidelines.

All medicine comes with label instructions regarding safe storage. Most medicines should be stored at 59 to 77 degrees °F in a cool, dry place. That degree range is important. The chemicals and components of some drugs can be changed when exposed to different temperatures. For example, drugs that contain hormones (think birth control, chemotherapy drugs, anti-seizure medications, and antibiotics) don’t work as well when exposed to temperatures outside their recommended storage range.

1. Store most at room temperature. Most medicines should be stored at room temperature between 59 to 77 degrees °F, in a cool, dry place. If you are unsure, check the label or ask your pharmacist for advice. In addition, always store medicine out of the reach of children.
2. Keep medicine with you when traveling. When traveling, never leave medications in a very hot or cold car, and don’t store them in your trunk. Ideally, all medicines should be kept in the cabin of your car while traveling. Medications that require refrigeration, such as insulin and EpiPens, should be kept in a cooler with a cool-pack. If traveling by air, keep medications in your carry-on luggage to avoid the extreme temperatures of the cargo hold.
3. Know how your specific medicine should be stored. If you do not have air conditioning at home, experts recommend storing your medicine in the refrigerator (depending on the medicine). Check with your pharmacist for storage recommendations.
4. Be prepared. Have a plan in case the power goes out. Some injectable medications, for example, need to be stored in the refrigerator. You may have a short window of time before the warmth makes them unsafe.
5. Ship medicine overnight. If you order medication, always, choose overnight shipping and make sure someone will be around to pick them up. If you work, have the medication shipped to your office to avoid it sitting on your porch in a hot mail box.
6. Look for changes. Always inspect medication before taking. If medication is stuck together, appears “runny,” is harder or softer than normal, shows changes in color, or has a different odor than usual when opening the bottle, it may be compromised and should not be taken. But remember, just because a medication looks normal, it still could have been damaged by extreme temperatures. If you have concerns, consult your pharmacist.