Question

Q1

A- What is a pipelining and the challenging issue of pipelining?

B- What is the difference between SRAM and DRAM? What are the SPD, Parity bit, and ECC?

Answer 1

ANSWER 1:-

Pipelining :

• Pipelining is an implementation technique whereby multiple instructions are overlapped in execution.
• It is technique of decomposing a sequential process into suboperation, with each suboperation completed in dedicated segment that operates concurrently with all other segments.
• Pipeline is commonly known as an assembly line operation.
• It is similar like assembly line of car manufacturing.

Issue In Pipelining :

• There are some limitations to the effectiveness of pipelines. The main problem is branches and jumps in the program. When a program needs to branch or jump, the next instruction to be executed is not the one that immediately follows the current instruction in the pipe. When this happens, the pipeline is said to be broken and the information in the pipe has to be trashed.

• The other problem is debugging. Since several instructions are in the pipe, some instructions are partially executed when execution stops at a break point. This makes it more difficult to interpret data and alter the values of variables while debugging.

ANSWER 2 :-  

Difference Between SRAM and DRAM

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) :

Data is stored in transistors and requires a constant power flow. Because of the continuous power, SRAM doesn’t need to be refreshed to remember the data being stored. SRAM is called static as no change or action i.e. refreshing is not needed to keep the data intact. It is used in cache memories.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) :

Data is stored in capacitors. Capacitors that store data in DRAM gradually discharge energy, no energy means the data has been lost. So, a periodic refresh of power is required in order to function. DRAM is called dynamic as constant change or action i.e. refreshing is needed to keep the data intact. It is used to implement main memory.

SPD :

• Stands for Serial Presence Detect.
• SPD is a standardized way to automatically access information about a memory module.
• SPD is a memory hardware feature that makes it possible for the computer to know what memory is present, and what memory timings to use to access the memory.

Parity Bit :

• A parity bit, also known as a check bit, is a single bit that can be appended to a binary string. It is set to either 1 or 0 to make the total number of 1-bits either even or odd.
• The purpose of a parity bit is to provide a simple way to check for errors later.
• Parity check is suitable for single bit error detection only.

ECC :

• Stands for Error Correction Code.
• ECC is a type of computer memory that detects and corrects the most common kinds of memory data corruption.