Question

The term “resource nationalism" typically refers to a policy used by a resource rich country to ensure maximum revenues from its natural resources. It is thought to have a distinct anti-West character, because anticolonial experience of oil-rich countries makes them think of losing control over their natural resources. Many countries have been thought to benefit immensely if they nationalize their oil and gas resources. There are however concerns that nationalizing oil resources could lead to the “resource curse” phenomenon based on the observation that countries rich in mineral resources often have poor governance structure, weak institutions and inequitable distribution of the resource wealth among citizens of the state. Econometric analysis show that mere possession of natural resources does not lead to the resource curse syndrome.

a. Considering the country's stable political system, its relatively robust and diversified economy, and the strength of the civil society, is Ghana immune against the Resource Curse. Present your outlook.

b. How does the royalties’ scheme work? Do royalties stay in the regions. How is Ghana investing its petroleum resources in our local communities?

please is petroleum question and its petroleum policy as a course so i need and expert to help me deal with it well

Answer 1

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Abstract

Established petroleum energy system comprises primary energy, conversion, transportation & distribution through to the final petroleum useful sectors. We will mainly focus on two topics; descriptive content petroleum policy and somehow on descriptive petroleum statistics.

However, those studies have contributed immensely to the petroleum revenue management, local content, and petroleum production bills into applicable laws. Furthermore, this paper reveals that Ghana is petroleum import-dependent of 17%, 37% for natural gas, and 78% for petroleum products as of 2016. As of 2018, petroleum consumption accounted for about 80% of final energy excluding biomass in Ghana. And, the local petroleum production only contributes 5% of this total with importation share of 95%. This work finally observes that the literature had some research gaps after quantitative analysis with inferential statistics in broad petroleum issues and some critical topics such as petroleum infrastructure development.

Thus, petroleum industry researches could not be examined with factor & discriminant analysis, logistic & probit regression, and path analysis to identify significant variables challenges and prospects. This study contributes knowledge in bringing the literature to current state of the art with systematic review technique. And further recommends strategic policy designs and future research path in the industry

Petroleum products Policy with reference to Ghana Government demand & supply.

The review analysis reveals that Ghana is a net importer of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas in the history of petroleum consumption. The supply of natural gas in Ghana has never met its demand targets over the years thus, total supply from both imports and local production was 164 mmcfd against the total demand of 300 mmcfd of natural gas as of 2016 (Ghana Energy Commission, 2016).

These figures show a deficit of 136 mmcfd (45%) of natural gas. Energy Commission report further said that the unavailability of natural gas coupled with the reduction in water level from Akosombo and Bui Dam to generate hydropower caused the country to even import electricity of about 511GWh in 2016. The demand for natural gas keeps increasing and the power sector demand is estimated not less than 1500 mmcfd following the increase in total plants installation to 4635 MW (see details in Table 4). Also, the petrochemical and fertilizer industries are another sector that requires about 230 mmcfd, and other industries also requiring 60 mmcfd.

These demands are totaling 1,790 mmcfd of natural gas on average and that is most likely not to be met by the suppling in 2019 and beyond. For instance, Ghana Energy Commission (2016) said the natural gas import through WAGP to Ghana in 2016 merely average 60 mmcfd, and the delivery have had been erratic over the periods, see Table 2 for example. A careful analysis of the data below shows no available supply of natural gas for the period of September 2012 to Jun 2013. The natural gas pipeline (WAGP) for these periods was damaged in Togo borders but later restored in July 2013 which saw a continue supply of gas.

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