Design a 4 th order band-pass, maximally flat lumped-element filter with center frequency 3 GHz and 10% bandwidth. The characteristic impedance is 50 Ω.

FR4 substrate εr = 4.4, d = 1.6 mm, and tan δ = 0.02, with copper conductors 17 μm thick.

1. (20) Literature survey.

Write a mini report on promising photolithography technologies for nm critical features in future generations of semiconductor technology.

This question is based on our three-node network where all resistances are equal. Generators are located at nodes 1 and 2, while the customer is located at node 3.

Power flows through the network are:

F(1,3) = 44 MW

F(2,3) = 56 MW

F(1,2) = -12 MW (i.e., 12 MW from node 2 to node 1)

The transmission limit on Line (1,2) is 10 MW in either direction, so the line is overloaded by 2 MW. Assume that lines (2,3) and (1,3) can carry a very large amount of power, so that they will never be congested. Calculate the adjustment for Generator 1 that relieves the transmission congestion on line (1,2).

If you find that Generator 1 should increase output to relieve the congestion, then enter your response as a positive number. If you find that Generator 1 should decrease output to relieve the congestion, then enter your response as a negative number.

Q2.
(a)
With appropriate block diagram, describe two methods/principles of demodulating a Frequency Modulation (FM) signal.

(b)
Consider a frequency modulated signal FM )]sin(cos[)(tttsmcωβω+= where mω is the frequency of a sinusoidal message signal, cω is the carrier frequency and β is the modulation index.
i)
Using the above equation )(ts, explain the definition of Narrowband FM and wideband FM.

ii)
Prove that the narrowband FM signal is given by the equation )sin()sin()cos()(ttttsmccωωβω−=.

(c)
An angle modulated signal is given by the expression
??(??)=5??????[??????+40? ????500??? +20? ????1000??? +10? ????2000??? ]
i)
Calculate the bandwidth of the angle modulated signal by Carson’s rule, if the peak frequency deviation, fΔ= 30 Hz.

ii)
If the modulated signal is a phase modulated signal with phase deviation constant pk of 5 radians per volt, determine the message signal )(tm.

iii)
If the modulated signal is a frequency modulated signal with frequency deviation constant fkof π000,20radian/sec per volt, determine the message signal )(tm.

Estimate the desired parameters and draw the block diagram of an Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with a carrier frequency of 102 MHz and Δ?=25 kHz based on following constraint:
 A narrow-band FM generator is available at a carrier frequency 200 KHz and Δ? is 12.2 Hz.
 The local oscillator has an adjustable range of 9 MHz to 10 MHz.
 There is bandpass filter with any center frequency.
 And only doublers are available.

Note: After all calculations, the values of each parameter of the above method should be written on the block diagram.

What is the effect of the slip-ring starting resistance on the starting torque and the starting current?

In a differential amplifier, the noninverting input is 3 cos (600t + 45◦) mV and the inverting input is 4cos (600t - 45◦) mV. The output is

vo = 3cos (600t + 45◦) + 4.004cos (600t - 45◦) V. The CMRR is_____ dB.

Define a Current transformer

Explain earthing in DC traction applications with a simple diagram. What are the hazards involved? Explain the mitigation strategies with reference to the standards.

A series RC circuit is connected in parallel to a 5 volt DC voltage source, where resistance R=1 M ohm and capacitance C= 1 microfarad. If at the start of operation, voltage across the capacitor is 5 volts, calculate the voltage across the capacitor at t=2 seconds. Also sketch the instantaneous voltage across the resistor. using differential equation.

Sketch the linearized Bode plots of system function given below. Ensure to properly label the graph. H(s) = 10^9 (s + 100)(s + 1000) / (s^2 + 15000s + 100 × 10^6)(s + 100 × 10^3)

A uniform current density given by:

J = (A/m2 J ) o az

give rise to a magnetic potential:

A = ( (Wb/m) 4 μo J o x ) 2 + y 2 i.

1) Apply the vector Poisson’s equation to prove the above statement.

2). Determine H using the expression of A

3). Determine H using the expression of J.

Sketch the charge block diagram for a p-type MOS-C under: depletion, threshold and inversion bias conditions.

Question 1:

Write an AVR program to display text on a 2-line WH2002 LCD display based on the HD44780 controller. Apply the following:

• The LCD instruction/data bus is connected to PORTD, and control bus is connected to PORTB (RS is connected to PB0, R/W to PB1, E to PB2).
• Use the #define command to name PORTD as Display_port.
• Use the #define command to name PORTB as Control_port.
• The displayed information is stored in the microcontroller Flash ROM (maximum size of 80 bytes) in the tables "str_0" (upper line) and "str_1" (lower line), as follow:
  • str_0 = AMA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
  • str_1= COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
• Use 0x18 command to scroll the text across the display (Shift the cursor left)