Design an algorithm for each of the exercises and type it into a word document. Upload the document to PE1 assignment folder.

1. The roots of quadratic equation:

Design an algorithm to find the real roots of a quadratic equation of the form ax²+bx+c=0, where a, b, c are all real numbers and a is nonzero

What is propagation explain diffrent type of propagations related to principle of electromagnetic waves

Implement AND gate using 3 BJTs.

Implement OR gate using 3 BJTs.

characteristics of MOSFET and BIPOLAR and the difference between them

Describe how an N channel MOSFET works. Please describe in great detail.

How are diodes used in circuits? Please don’t provide an answer to the question “how does a diode work”. If you write a few sentences based on “a diode only allows current to flow in one direction”, you will get no credit for your answer.

matlab code that performs overlap add method.

1) Class Reviews

If you sum up light transmission, absorption and scattering do you get unity (1)? If yes why, if not what is missing?

In your owns words describe the difference between phase and group velocity

From Maxwell’s equations derive the wave equation. State explicitly any assumption you

made.

How is the beating length defined of a directional coupler. Explain in your own words why a

symmetric coupler is needed to fully switch a signal from a cross-to-bar output and a

asymmetric one cannot be used?

2) Laser Analysis

a) Calculate the threshold gain of a double heterostructure (DH) edge emitting laser with an intrinsic loss a?i = 20 cm-1. Assume an overlap factor of G? = 20%. The laser is 100 um long, and the gain medium’s index refractive index is comparable to that of Silicon. Assume both facets have an equal reflection of R = 40% and outside is air.

b) Find the threshold carrier concentration N for an optical gain of g(N) = a(N-Ntr), where a = 1500 cm-1, and Ntr = 1016cm-3.

3) Modulator

Draw the bands for a Quantum Confined Stark effect. How does the optical signal modulation created?

State the equation for a phase shift-based modulator. A figure of merit (FOM) is to create a small Vp?L, meaning a small device length and low voltage to get to a p?phase shift. Name 3 design options to improve (reduce) this FOM.

4) Photodetector

In a PN junction where is light absorbed? Meaning a) in the flat-region on the p-side, or b) on the flat region on the n-side, c) neither of those, but in the deleted region where the bands bend?

Use your answer from before to explain why a P-i-N photodetector is a ‘better’ photodetector than a PN junction.

Calculate the photo-current for a detector with an quantum efficiency of 90%, a gain of 100, a responsivity of 0.7 A/W receiving an input power of 5mW

Conciderer the full-width rectangular pulses p(t). the rms value of AWGN is 10^-3V.

A) Determine the necessary (minimmum) signal power such that the detection error probability is less the than 10^-5 when polar signaling is used.

B) repeat the problem for on-off signaling.

C) repeat the problem for bipolar signaling.

D) make your comments.

NOTE: Q (4.26)= 10^-5 , Q(4.36)= 0.67x10-5

Give a list of 5 techniques used to produce HVDC

Describe each technique in detail

Design in VHDL a gray code decoder to excess 3 code

Screenshot the simulation and code.

1) Write a program in C++

sin(x) can be approximately calculated using the following formula, where n! is factorial(n) – for example 3!=3*2*1 = 6 (the function in previous problem).

The more terms we use in the series, the higher will be accuracy of the calculations. By using infinite terms in the series we will have the exact value.

Hint 1: For n! simply use (copy and paste) the factorialFunc(n)from previous problem.

Hint 2: This problems is similar to the “pi series” problem in the homework problems. A simple for loop is needed. Much easier that it looks.

Write a program that gets x and calculates sin(x) using 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 terms.

Then run the program and calculate and display the result for x=pi/6.

Describe three principle components involved in the Western EIM.

What communication advances have led Cybersecurity to be a greater concern to modern SCADA/ICS systems? Explain your answer.