Write a program using interrupts to get data serially and send it to P2 while at the same time Timer 0 is generating a square wave of 5 kHz. We've been basing our code on the Intel 8051 microntroller and assembly language.

a) Show that BJTs provide significantly higher intrinsic gain (small signal) than MOSFETs. Use the minimum Vov, 100mV, and a typical ? of 0.1. For the BJT, Early Voltages often lie between 50-100V; use the smallest value.

(b) What are some limitations of BJTs (aka why do we even use MOSFETs). Consider from both an IC and SMD/PCB point of view.

7. Write a C program to generate a 16kHz PWM signal that has 40% duty cycle using Timer2 of an ATMega8 microcontroller.  

8. Consider a push button switch SW0 connected to pin INT0 external interrupts of an ATMega8 AVR. 8 LEDS are connected to port PB0-PB7 on the same AVR. These LEDS are connected such a lit LED displays that the output port is on logic level 1. On start-up, TASK1 is executed and continue indefinitely. If the push-button switch SW0 is pressed, TASK1 is paused and TASK2 is carried out after which TASK1 is resumed.

? TASK1- A roll action is performed using the LEDs: The first LED is lit and roll down to the last LED then back to the first LED. This operation is done indefinitely.

? TASK2- ALL the LEDs blink five (5) times.

Explain the operation of the safety (Light) Curtain?

1) Compare AM and FM modulation (advantages, disadvantages).

2) Why is the use of FM more preferred than PM? Explain your answer. (Hint: Compare the frequency deviations in both cases)

3) Give a short qualitative justification of the fact that FM has more noise immunity than AM.  

Part 1. Single-tone Modulation a –Write the code for an m-file (script) to generate a single tone FM signal. The modulating (message) signal is a single tone signal with frequency 1kHz and the carrier frequency is 20kHz. Vary the modulation index as m=0.2; 0.5; 1; 5 and 10. Plot your original message signal and the modulated signal for each value of m. Discuss the results. Use cosine function to define the message signal.

b- Repeat the part above only that this time generate a single tone PM signal. Compare the plots in parts a and b.

CHAPTER 7 Problem 4  Programmable Logic Controllers

Study the ladder logic program in Figure 7-41 and answer the questions that follow:

a. What type of timer has been programmed?

b. What is the length of the time-delay period?

c. What is the value of the accumulated time when power is first applied?

d. When does the timer start timing?

e. When does the timer stop timing and reset itself?

f. When input LS1 is first closed, which rungs are true and which are false?

g. When input LS1 is first closed, state the status (on or off) of each output.

h. When the timer’s accumulated value equals the preset value, which rungs are true and which are false?

i. When the timer’s accumulated value equals the preset value, state the status (on or off) of each output.

j. Suppose that rung 1 is true for 5 s and then power is lost. What will the accumulated value of the counter be when power is restored?

Figure 7-41 Ladder logic program for Problem.

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The stepper motor controller will run in full step mode. That means the clockwise sequence will be

The counterclockwise sequence will be

Design a stepper motor controller for half step mode in VHDL using Xilinx Vivado.

The following will be your inputs:

               CLOCK

               RESET

               DIRECTION – An input that determine the direction. HIGH for clockwise and LOW for counterclockwise.

Find the simpli?ed expression for x[n] where x[n] = cos(0.6?n+ ?/6 )+?3cos(1.4?n+ ?/3 )?2cos(0.6?n? ?/6 ). ?

Some process has the following transfer function:

Gp(s)= (s+8)/[(s+3)(s+6)(s+10)]

We need to conrol this process very accurately so we add negative feedback and a controller. Design a suitable controller to meet the following specifications:

Maximusm Overshoot is approximately 20%

Settling time is 0.8s or smaller

Steady-State error for a step input is zero

when sampling analog inputs, the input should be sampled at no more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled.for an n bit analog to digital converter the input is converted to one of 2*n possible values (True or False?) Clarify

Consider the discrete-time LTI system characterized by the following difference equation with input and initial conditions specified: y[n] - 2 y[n-1] – 3 y[n-2] = x[n] , with y[0] = -1 and y[1] = 0, x[n] = (-1/2)n u[n-2]. ? Write a MATLAB program to simulate this difference equation. You may try the commands ‘filter’ or ‘filtic’ or create a loop to compute the values recursively. ? Printout and plot the values of the input signal, x[n] and the output signal, y[n] over the range 1 ? n ? 10. ? Solve this difference equation by hand using the classical method. ? Verify that the values of the output signal, y[n] produced by MATLAB are the same as those calculated by hand for the values of n = 2, 3, 4.

Draw and analyze a four resister BJT (CE) bias circuit with the following values:

      R₁=10 kΩ, R₂=12 kΩ, R_C=5 kΩ, R_E=3 kΩ and V_CC=12 V,

      Find the operating points   I_CQ and V_CEQ

            Assume a BJT transistor (npn) with β=100 and V_BE=0.7V

Create a matlab program that calculates equivalent cpacitance and charge by asking the user whether the circuit is in paraller , series or combination and then asks for the values of capacitances and voltage. After that it calculates the equivalent capacitance.

You are to design a 24-V, all-DC, stand-alone PV system to meet a 2.4 kWh/d demand for a small, isolated cabin. You want to size the PV array to meet the load in a month with average insolation equal to 5.0 kWh/m 2/d