Design a three-stage operational amplifier at the transistor level using BJT technology. Your design should

include a differential input stage with large input resistance, a gain stage, and an output stage with low

input resistance. Justify your design choices. Use the op-amp you designed to create an inverting amplifier

using negative feedback with a given gain, A = −Rf/Ri . Provide a characterization of your op-amp design which

includes input resistance, output resistance, input bias currents, input offset current, input offset voltage, bandwidth, and slew rate. Provide a table to compare the performance of your op-amp to that of a 741. Use a transistor array (recommended) to build the circuit and test its performance by connecting it in an inverting amplifier configuration, and verifying the circuit gain. Compare the experimental results to those obtained using a 741.

Design a two-stage operational amplifier using MOSFET transistors and conduct the same type of analysis. Compare both designs in terms of their performance characteristics listed above

In this module, you studied a diode circuit known as a clipper. Think about at least one practical application of a clipper and discuss it.

Cortex-M0+ is the most energy-efficient processor in the Cortex-M family. Suppose a Cortex-M0+ processor takes 100 HA at running mode, and 50 HA at sleep mode. If the application puts the processor 50% at running mode and 50% at sleep mode, and the processor is powered by two button cell batteries with a total capacity of 600 mAh. How long can the batteries last? (Thumb of rule: Battery Life- Battery Capacity in Milliamps per hour/ Load Current in Mill amps * 0.70)

In the class, we had formulated the rules for the r’s compliment subtraction (also see section 1.5 in textbook for a summary of the rules). Formulate similar rules if you have to do the addition using the (r-1)s compliment.   

What physical device in the bathroom resembles the liquid level switch? 12. Draw logic for a motor starter control circuit for a motor that is either off, on forward or on reverse with a selector switch.

1. Describe and discuss the concept of oscilloscope “triggering” and how it is implemented in modern oscilloscopes (i.e. how the oscilloscope WORKS internally, and not simply how to use the scope). Develop your description around a block diagram of the oscilloscope. Include “typical” internal oscilloscope signal waveforms. Work a description of the function of the oscilloscope “trigger” controls into your discussion. The use of one or more references, either those cited above or some found on your own, should be useful here. Be sure to properly cite sources of your information, figures, etc. Do not plagiarize!

2. Using precise engineering terminology and possibly with the aid of schematic diagrams and charts, describe, discuss, and explain the effect that the vertical amplifier COUPLING has on the performance of the oscilloscope. When is it appropriate to use AC coupling or DC coupling? Under what conditions might AC coupling introduce errors into a measurement? Under what conditions might DC coupling introduce errors into a measurement?

3. Contrast and compare the AUTO with the NORM triggering mode.

4. a. Define, discuss, and explain the differences between precision, accuracy, resolution, sensitivity, and range as they pertain to measurements or measuring instruments. Consult reference 2 or another suitable source. b. Give numerical examples of each, i.e. for each one give a hypothetical set of data and/or measurements taken by (or given for) a hypothetical instrument and show what analysis/interpretation must be done on the data/measurements to obtain the particular parameter. Then, give the resulting numerical value for that parameter.

NoTE

Lower-dimensional materials play an important role in nanotechnology. Consider a two-dimenstional solid (such a graphene) and assume that it can only vibrate perpendicular to its own plane. Find an expression for the heat capactiy of a square chunk of this material of area, A, and evaluate the result approximately for very low and very high temperatures. Using Mathematica, plot the heat capacity as a function of temperature.

Please type a few sentences (about 150 words or so) DISCUSSING: (Please do not just list vocabulary terms.)

• Identify the various types of Hardware Description Languages.

• Describe various features of Verilog Hardware Descritption Languages.

What is the difference between n-type, p-type and intrinsic silicon?

AMicroprocessor Memory Bus: A microprocessor is clocked at a frequency of 3.75 GHz when communicating with memory on a printed circuit board (PCB). A 15 cm long transmission line fabricated on a substrate with relative permeativity Er = 4.4 connects the two components. The transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms. (A) Calculate the velocity of the signal through the wire. (B) If we want to read data from the memory, we will have to send a signal from the processor to the memory and then receive a signal from the memory. How long will it take to complete this process? (C) How many clock cycles will it take to complete a memory read? (D) Should we terminate (impedance match) either end of the transmission line? If so, at which ends and why?

What is the function of a PID controller? List the applications of PID modes of control.

Explain the sliding window flow protocol and discuss the advantages of this protocol.

2. Consider an n-cube, where n = 3. Is it possible to draw this on a two dimensional plane where the lines do not cross? If it is possible, draw it. If not, prove that it isn't possible.