Question

In this chapter we discuss 3 of the 4 paths (theoretical framework) to the evolution and maintenance of cooperation in animals (Reciprocity, Byproduct mutualism and Group selection) ** we discussed Kin selection last chapter. Briefly describe each of these paths and provide an example for each either using an example from our textbook or your own.

Answer 1

4 Paths to the Evolution and maintenance of cooperation in animals

Cooperation can be defined as self-sacrificial behavior that defines many of the eusocial insects (e.g, ants, bees, and wasps). The idea of cooperation was primarily kept alive by W. C. Allee, A. E. Emerson, and their colleagues.

Four paths to the Evolution and maintenance of cooperation in animals are-reciprocity, byproduct mutualism, kin-selected cooperation, and group selection.

Reciprocity

It describes a situation in which an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism’s fitness. Underlying this behavior is the assumption that there is an ultimate fitness benefit based on an expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.

The concept was initially developed by Robert Trivers to explain the evolution of cooperation as instances of mutually altruistic acts. The concept is close to the strategy of "tit for tat" used in game theory.

EG: Cleaner fish and their hosts.

Byproduct mutualism

It is the second path to the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behavior. Byproduct mutualism may be the most common path to cooperation. It can be defined as a collateral effect of selfishness, in which each derives a fitness benefit of increased survival. In the simplest case, animal A puts itself sufficiently nearby or ensures that it is sufficiently connected to animal B that animal B’s efforts not only benefit animal B but also provide some spill-over benefits to animal A.

EG: Hunting behavior of Lions

Group selection

It is themechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual. Groups must differ in the frequency of cooperators within them, and groups must be able to "export" the productivity associated with cooperation. Here Individuals interact with other members of the group in an evolutionary game that determines their fitness.

EG:  Evolution of cooperative nest founding in the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus.