Question

Write a 2-3-page paper discussing alterations of digestive function. Paper must discuss:

1. Discuss whether constipation or diarrhea should be investigated with a colonoscopy.
2. Examine the three types of abdominal pain: parietal (somatic), visceral, and referred. Provide some examples.
3. Include in your paper a discussion comparing the following case study:
   1. Two men have observed blood in their stool. One states that the blood is bright red. The other claims his stool is black. Discuss the causes for the differing symptoms.
   2. Analyze why genetic or immune factors, rather than infectious agents, are hypothesized to be the cause of ulcerative colitis.
   3. Why does the dumping syndrome occur after some gastric surgeries?

Answer 1

Ans:-1) Colonoscopy is a procedure in which with the help of colonoscope the physician tries to find out the cause of symptom the patient is presenting for example in case of Irritable bowel syndrome, when something abnormal found while doing lower GI series for example barium enema, unexplainable weight loss, constipation and diarrhoea

Ans:-2) Abdominal pain :- there are mainly three types of abdominal pains

A) visceral pain :- this type of pain is mainly caused by nerves sense acute stretching of a particular organ wall this type of is not particularly localized by the patient he or she can localize the area but can't localize the particular point of pain.

Parietal (somatic) :-this type of pain is mainly caused by irritation of parietal peritoneal wall of a patient in such pain patient can easily localize the area of pain because this is a sharp and pin point pain. For example in case of appendicitis mcburney's point

Referred pain:- in such kind of pain our brain is unable to differentiate the area of pain it will identify the area of irritation other then the actual area of irritation. For example in case of inflamation of upper GI organ like spleen and GB patient can not differentiate where the pain is radiating

Ans:3) In these two cases the men that states that he is having bright red bleeding that mean a fresh blood is having a lower GI tract bleeding That can be due to constipation haemorrhoids etc.

And the second man that has a dark black stool he is having an upper GI tract bleeding this can be caused by gastritis because In our stomach there is an acid that is known as HCL whenever there is a bleeding in our stomach then it will mix with the blood and and this blood mixed with HCL when it moves with food and goes to lower GI tract it gives it a color dark black

Ans:-4) dumping syndrome :- it means early emptying of our stomach this is a complication of barriatic surgery or gastric bypass surgery or gasterectomy in this the emptying of the stomach occur with in 20-30mins after having food (mainly carbohydrates ) sweating is the first sign of this condition because our sympathetic nervous system got activated and that will lead to early emptying of the stomach that's why in the management of this disease high protein diet semifowler position or supine or a tendlenburg position is provided to the patient that will delay the emptying of stomach.