Question

After completion of the Self-Directed Clinical Preparation Activity Module, please answer the following 10 questions.

1. Can you name one method of non-pharmacological pain relief? Which one do you think would work better, and why?
2. How does the nurse educate about circumcision care? What is one of the key education pieces?
3. How does the nurse educate about cord care?
4. What is an important part of the postpartum assessment?
5. Why is APGAR scoring so important? Can you remember what the nurse is looking at when she does the score?
6. Why are newborn reflexes so important to assess at birth? Which reflexes does the nurse/physician assess?
7. What does the nurse use to suction the baby? What does she suction first?
8. When the nurse thinks about the stages of labor, why are they so important? Why do they matter?
9. What are the normal ranges of the infant’s heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature?
10. What is one thing that today you learned that really surprised you

Answer 1

(a) There are the number of non- drug tools for coping with the pain . The can be used ontheir own or in the combination with drug therapies ..Some of the option for the patients suffering from the pain are as floows ;-

Massage ;- it helps in reliefing from gentle massage and some hospice agencies have volunteers who are trained in massage therapy ,It is effective in relieving pain and other symptoms for people with serious illness.

Meditation ;- helps in achievinng goals to reduce the pain with calam environment . and also strengthening the mind .

Relaxation techniques ;- guided imagery , hypnosis , biofeedback ,breathing techniques and gentle movement such as tai chi ,Relaxation techniques are often very effective particulary when a patient or a caregiver - is feeling anxious

Acupuncture ;- several studies have been found that acupuncture can be helpful in relieving pain for people with serious illness such as cancer .

Physical therapy ;- If a person has been active before and is now confined to bed , even just moving the hands and the feet a little bit can be helpful .

Pet therapy ;- if we have bouts of pain that last 5 , 10 , or 15 minutes , trying to find something pleasant that like petting an animal's soft fur - is to distract and relax ourself can be helpful

Gel packs ;- these are simple packs that can be warmed or chilled and used to ease localized pain .

In my view , Meditation is the best for the pain relief , as , it also testified , research shows that meditation uses neural pathways that make the brain less sensitive to pain and increase use of the brain's own pain - reducing opioids . If the person has chronic pain then it worth looking at meditation .

(b) Circumcision is a simple procedure , to care care for the son the nurse educate the parents to follow the tips below;-

The crust of bloody or yellowish coating that may appear around the head of the penile region .This is the normal don't clesn off tehcrust or it amy bleed .

The circumcision should heal in 1 to 2 weeks .

gently wash your son's circumcision area with warm water during diaper changes if the stool has on it .

Use a soft washcloth

Let the skin air dry

Change diaper often to help prevent infection

Coat the head of the penile region with petroleum jelly and gauze it .

If there is gauze or a bandage on the  penile region   , then you be asked either to remove it the next day or to change it ech time you change diaper .

And let the cap fall off by itself .this takes to 3 to 10 days .

Call the healthcare providers if the cap falls off in the forst 2 days or stay s on for more than 10 days .

(c) Because the Umbilical caord may be aplace place for infection to enter the baby's body , it is important to care for it properly .So ,  the nursing education regarding cord care to the parents of the baby are includes following ;-

When the  umbilical cord becomes wet with urine , gently clean the base of the umbilical cord with mild soap and warm water .rinse the area and pat it dry .

keep the belly button area dry , you may need to fold the top of the diaper down

Change your' s baby diaper frequently with every feeding .A wet diaper on the cord keeps the cord from drying and increase the risk for infection .

Do not bate your baby in a tub or sink until the 9 cord falls off . you may give your baby a sponge bath until then .

when the cord fall off . then you might notice a small pink area in the bottom of the belly button .Thsi is expected and normal skin will gow over it .

do not pull the cord off yourself even if it is hanging on just by a thread .

(d) The important nursing assessment ia an important aspect of care in order to identify early signs of complication in the women who has just given birth , Following pregnancy , the women is at risk for infection , hemorrhage and the development of deep vein thrombosis .The nurse can remember thekey point of a postpartum assessment by learning the acronym BUBBLE - LE , which stands for Breast, uterus , bladder , bowel , episiotomy ,lower extremities and emotions .All postpartum women should have regular assessment of vaginal bleeding , uterine contraction , fundal height , temperature and heart rate ( pulse) routinely during the first 24 hours starting from the first hour after birth .Blood pressure should be measured shortly after the birth.

(e) It's important for new parents to keep their baby 's APGAR score in perspective.The test was designed to help haelth care providers to assess a newborn's overall physical condition so that they could quikly determine whether the baby needed immediate medical care .Apgar is a quick test performed on a baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth .The 1 minute score determine s how well the baby tolerated the breathing process.The 5 minutes score tells the health care provider how well the baby is doing outside the mother's womb.

The APGAR score is based on a total score of 1 to 10 .The higher thescore , teh better the baby is doing after birth ,A score of 7, 8, or 9 i snormal and a sign that newborn is ingood health but below 7 it indicates that baby needs medical attention . The nurse cheeks the five thing s breathing efforts , heart rate , muscle tone , reflexes and skin color .

(f) The health care providers check reflexes to determine if the brain and nervous system are working well or not . Some reflexes occur only in specific periods of development .If the baby was born prematurely , don't compare his or her development to that full term newborns . that why presence and strength os a reflex is a  important sign of nervous system development .

Healthcare providers check reflexes at teh time of birth , the following are the normal reflexes seen in newborn babies ;-

ROOTING REFLEX ;- this reflex starts when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched .The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her moth to follow and root inthe direction of the stroking .This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to start feeding .this reflex last about 4 months .

SUCK REFLEXES ;- rooting helps the baby get ready to suck . when the roof of the baby's moth is touched , the baby will start to suck This reflex doesn;t start until about 32nd week of pregnancy and is not fully developed until about 36 weeks . Premature abbies may have a week or immature sucking abitity because babies also have a hand to mouth reflex that goes with rooting and sucking tehy may suck ontheir fingers or hands .

MORO REFLEX ;- the moro reflex is oftn called a startle reflex that because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement .In response to teh sound tehbaby throws back his or her head and extend out his or her arms and legs , cries then pulls the arms and legs back in . A baby 's own cary can stratle him or her and trigger this reflex .THsi reflex lasts until the baby is about 2 months .

TONIC NECK REFLEX ;- when a baby head is turned to one side the arm on that side stretches out and theopposite arm bend au at the elbow . this is often called the fencing position this reflex last until the baby is about . 5 to 7 months old .

GRASP REFLEX ;-0 stroking the palm of a baby hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp .The grasp reflex last until the baby isabout 5 to 6 months old A similar reflex in the toes last until 9 to 2 months

STEPPING REFLEX ;- this reflex is also called the walking or dance the reflex because a baby appear s to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surfece .Thsi reflex last about 2 months ..

(G) the nurse used endotracheal tube (ETT) suction is necessary to clear secreation and to maintain airway patency and to therefore optimise oxygenation and ventilation in a ventilated patient .ETT suction is a common procedure carried out on intubated infants .

If the mouth and nose need to be suctioned , suction the mouth first , when suction the mouth , place the tip of the bulb syringe towards the child's cheek , Then after suction the nose .

(h) The  stage of labour can be used to help determine where the patient is on the labour spectrum .Clarifying the stages of labor has helped create guidelines which defined normal and abnormal trends in labour .Clinical management also gears towards the various stages of labor.

There are four stages of labor ;-

FIRST STAGE OF LABOR ( cervical stage ) ;- it starts with the onset of true labor pain and ends with full dilation of cervix

SECOND STAGE OF LABOR ;- it starts with full dialtion of cervix and ends with expulsion of the fetus from the birth canal ,

THIRD STAGE OF LABOR ;- it begins with expulsion of tehfetus and ends with expulsion of the placenta

FOURTH STAGE OF LABOR ;- it is the period from the delivery of the afterbirth to the time when the woman is examined and then transferred to her room . It is the stage of observation for at least one to two hour after expulsion   of the  afterbirth .

(i) normal range of infant heart rate = 100 to 160 beats per minutes

normal range of respiratory rate = 30 to 60 breath per minute ( 0 to 6 months ) and 24 to 30 breath per minutes ( 6 to 12 months )

A normal temperature in babies is about 36.4 degree celcius