Question

Find a real life example of a situation in, which a country held an election to decide on some public good provision issue. It could be an on-off decision or it could be about the level/amount of public good. Explain what the issue was. What was the result of the election? Your example should also offer details about characteristics of the society that may have influenced the election decision (education, culture, income, norms etc.) In other meaning, explain the factors behind the outcome.

Answer 1

Public Good

A public good is a product that an individual can consume without reducing its availability to others and of which no one is deprived. Example of public goods includes law enforcement, national defense, public parks, education,culture, income, norms and the air we breathe. As those examples reveal, public goods are almost always publicly financed. A public good is a good that is both non- excludable and non-rivalrous. National defense provides an example of a good that is non-excludable. American national defense establishment offer protection to everyone in the country.

There are many things that influence the way an individual votes at the ballot box. The personal attributes of the candidates, who is the person running for a political office, are of the most important characteristics that a person takes into account. Another is the what are the new offers the political party offered to public, especially in the areas of education, security, social welfare, economical assisstnce.There are also several important separate factors that determine how an individual votes. It is these factors and how they influence election outcomes .

Issues and outcomes

The state of the economy, or how healthy the country's finance are, affects election becouse if the country is in poor shape, the voter blame it on the existiong government and politicians. If the economical , social, security and educational conditions is good at the time of an election, then votes will reward those currently seated, and the outcome of an election will usually be the incumbent, or the person who currently is holding a political office and is up for re-election. If the economical , security, social, and educational conditions is bad at the time of the election, then the voters punish those currently holding the seat and put their votes elsewhere.

There are main two different interpretations ofthe economy that can influence the outcome of an election, How the national economy is doing as whole and how the personal voter's finances are. Most of the studies shown that personal family finance, socio-economic status, social security and education can influences voters at the ballot box. Alternatively, voter's views of how the economy as a whole nationally is fairing also will influence how they vote.

Education

Education is not usually considered a top-tier-issue in presidential elections. The issues tends to get overshadowed by other issues where the president is the obvious leader and decision maker-defense, security, climate change, health care, social security and economic affairs. Education in contrast, has been seen as astate and local issue. But times have changed, especially when it comes to democratic primaries.

Federal role in Education

• President George W.Bush's No child left behind (NCLB) law in 2001 represented an unprecedented increase in the federal role in K-12 education at the time.
• President Barack Obama increased the federal role even more—introducing $100 billion in federal education spending (prompted by the financial crisis) and leveraging NCLB to make deals with states that allowed the U.S. Department of Education, through a waiver process, to pressure states to adopt the Obama administration’s preferred accountability-driven policies without getting congressional approval. Indirectly, this gave the federal government a hand in academic standards, which had been previously left to the states, and in teacher evaluation, which few governments, at any level, had ever really tried to touch.

Income

Income has some effect on whether or not people vote. Wealthy people are more likely to vote, regardless of their educational background. Wealthy people and better educated people tend to vote more often, participate more in political activities, and donate more money to causes than poorer or less educated people. They also have greater access to the resources that facilitate political activity, including contact with people in powerful positions.

Occupation

people's occupation also related to their participation and their likelihood to vote. People in managerial and professional positions are the most politically active, followed by craftspersons, service workers and labours. The unemployment are the least inclined to pratcipate in political through voting; however, becuse they may rely on governmental services to survive, they are frequently among those most immediately affected by the outcome of election.

Culture and Norms

Culture and norms of people also play a vital role in election outputs. Different cultural and ethnic group also have unique voting trends. For example: African-American voters vote as much as other voters of the same socio-economic status, and Asian voters have lower voter turnout rates. Latinos tend to vote less than other groups, but their vote has been rising in importance.

Factors affecting election outcomes

• Affective influence : it include voter's mechanisms of affective influence on voting, such as: surprise, anger, anxiety,fear, pride, neuroticism.

• Effect of Voting on Emotion : The act of itself can produce emotional responses that may bias the choices voters make and potentially affect sunsequent emotional states.

• Political Implications : It include. Political surveys and political compaigns.

• Impacts of social media

• Technological influence or implication : it include, access to technology.

• Socio- economic factors : Socio- economic factors such economic condition of the country, social security, education, assisstance from government , standard of living of people.

• Defence of the country.

Thank you.....