Question

Question: Complement plays key roles in the elimination of bacteria. Bacteria must develop strategies to overcome these activities in order to survive.

A. Identify three major roles of complement.

(these are the answers i found for this part.)

1.) opsonization and phagocytosis

2.)cell lysis

3.) chemotaxis

B. For EACH of the three roles, identify ONE complement element which is responsible for that role and explain how that complement element is formed.

C. Propose a bacterial evasion strategy (known or potential) that might realistically be employed to divert or prevent the formation of EACH of these three elements.

D. Choose ONE of these evasive maneuvers and suggest a possible counter-strategy the immune system might employ to overcome it.

Answer 1

The complement system is part of the immune system,consists of a series of proteins that interact with one another in a highly regulated manner,in order to eliminate pathogens.

Complement system works in both innate and acquired immunity.during inflammation ,more complements reaches to interstitial area of the infected tissue through dialted blood vessels,which are activated by proteolytic cleavage;this exposes the active site of the complements.

Complement are mainly denoted by the capital letter C with numbers C1,C2,C3,and so on. Some have only alphabet like B,D.

Roles of complements:

1) opsonization and phagocytosis:

C3b,bound to immune complex or coated on the surface of pathogen,activate phagocytic cells.these proteins bind to specific receptors on the phagocytic cells to get engulfed.

2)cell lysis:

Membrane attack complex formed by c5b6789 components ruptures the microbial cell surface which kills the cell.

3) chemotaxis:

Complement fragments attract neutrophils and macrophages to the area where the antigen is present.the cell surface have receptors for complements,like C5a,C3a run towards site of inflammation.

B) opsonization :they bind IC to macrophages and neutrophils,enhancing phagocytosis;also bind complexes to erythrocytes,faciltating removal by the liver and spleen.

Microbes such as bacteria and viruses are phagocytosed much better in presence of C3b because C3b receptor on surface of many phagoctes.

C) prevention of bacteria evasion strategies are:

Elements affecting ability to target well:

Agencies and systems sharing information,through a single unifying data systems or with the capacity to track clients across different data systems.

Elements reflecting community motivation:

Community accepts an obligation to shelter one or more at risk population obligation may come as County council policy,as statutory requirements,as,a governor's commitment,or other mechanism

Elements that maximize resources:

Collaboration among public and private agencies helps stretch resources through referrals to appropriate agencies and create new source when two or more organisation work together to identify the need and develop services.