Question

1. A signaling molecule . . (choose the best answer)

A. Will produce the exact same effect on all cell types it interacts with

B. Could be a hormone or neurotransmitter

C. Will not elicit changes in gene expression

D. Is never water soluble

E. Must travel through the bloodstream to its target cell

2. Insulin . . (choose all that apply)

A. Is antagonistic to Glucagon

B. Is produced by the pancreatic beta cells

C. Triggers storage of glycogen in the liver

D. Promotes release of glucose from the pancreas

E. Is a hormone

3. The posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary are different in which of the following ways? (choose all that apply)

A. The posterior pituitary makes its own hormones

B. The anterior pituitary makes its own hormones

C. The anterior pituitary makes TSH to stimulate the Thyroid

D. The posterior pituitary gland does not affect mammary glands

4. The hypothalamus . . (choose all that apply)

A. Is a nerve center

B. Releases neurohormones

C. Affects the pituitary gland to release hormones

D. Is an example of how the 2 control and communicate mechanisms often work together

5. The action potential of a neuron . . (choose all that apply)

A. Can travel either way through the axon

B. Is caused by an influx of Na ions

C. Is a massive change in voltage on the membrane

D. Can be slowed by myelin insulation

Answer 1

1. A signaling molecule-

A. Will produce the exact same effect on all cell types it interacts with- incorrect

same signal molecule binds to identical receptor proteins but still results in different outcomes in different target cells. It is because the receptor coupled with different machinery in different target cells.

B. Could be a hormone or neurotransmitter- Correct

Hormones and neurotransmitters are signal molecules and involved in different cellular functions.

C. Will not elicit changes in gene expression- Incorrect

Several signaling pathways cause a cellular response that involves a change in gene expression. They may increase or decrease gene expression levels based on different situations.

D.  Is never water-soluble- Incorrect

There are several signal molecules those are hydrophilic or water soluble. like peptide hormone such as insulin .

E. Must travel through the bloodstream to its target cell- incorrect

It is not necessary that signal molecules must travels through the bloodstream. For instance, neurotransmitters carry signals between neurons or from neurons to other types of target cells.

2. Insulin-

A. Is antagonistic to Glucagon- correct

Insulin allows the cells to absorb glucose from the blood. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, when the concentration of blood glucose drops to trigger a release of stored glucose from the liver so they acts as antagonists.

B. Is produced by the pancreatic beta cells- correct

In the beta cells of pancreas, there are specialized areas alled islets of Langerhans where insulin is produced.

C. Triggers storage of glycogen in the liver- Correct

When the concentration of blood glucose rises, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood. The glucose is then absorbed by the intestine are converted to the glycogen and this process is stimulated by insulin.

D. Promotes release of glucose from the pancreas- incrooect

It does not promote glucose to release. The release of the glucose is done by the antagonist glucagon.

E. Is a hormone- correct

Insulin is an essential peptide hormone produced by the pancreas

3. The posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary are different-

A.The posterior pituitary makes its own hormones- incorrect

The posterior pituitary does not produce any hormones of its own. iI stores and secretes two hormones produced by hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin)

B.The anterior pituitary makes its own hormones- correct

The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones. They are- growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, beta endorphin, and prolactin

C. The anterior pituitary makes TSH to stimulate the Thyroid- correct

In secondary hyperthyroidism, the anterior pituitary produces large amounts of TSH, which, in turn, stimulate the thyroid follicular cells to secrete thyroid hormones in excessive amounts

D. The posterior pituitary gland does not affect mammary glands- correct

The posterior pituitary gland does not synthesis any hormones. While anterior pituitary produces prolactin, stimulating mammary gland development and milk production pretty well define its functions

4.  The hypothalamus-

A.  Is a nerve center- correct

it is Center for autonomic nervous system that regulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

B. Releases neurohormones- correct

oxytocin and vasopressin are the example neurohormones secreted by hypothalamus. Upon receiving signal from the nervous system, the hypothalamus secretes neurohormones that regulates pituitary gland to release hormones.

C. Affects the pituitary gland to release hormones- correct

it produce substances that influence the pituitary gland to release hormones.

D. Is an example of how the 2 control and communicate mechanisms often work together- correct

The hypothalamus is the link between the endocrine and nervous systems. The endocrine system acts as a communication tool for the human body which controlled by the hypothalamus.