Question

We know how an bacteria enters the body and the bodys respons.

What a bacterial vaccine must contain and explain how it must work. Consider whether the vaccine should be administered more than once. Explain why/why not

and

Imagine that you have obtained a vaccine and are performing clinical trials. In order to test whether the vaccine raises an immune response you use a diagnostic test, which detects both specific IgM and specific IgG. Explain why you test for both classes of immunoglobulins and what it means if either one or both is positive.

Answer 1

A vaccine must contain at least one antigen from the bacteria or virus in order to get a response. There are several ways an antigen can be used: Attenuated live viruses—Weakened forms of a live virus. They do not cause illness, but will create an immune response.

As bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria, and prevents bacterial infection later. Most vaccines against bacterial infections are effective at preventing disease, reactions can occur after vaccinations.

Yes it can be administered more than once as most of the time, your risk of serious side effects does not increase if you get extra doses of a vaccine.Getting multiple doses allows the immune response to last longer. shown that more than one dose is needed for everyone to develop the best immune response.

It is widely accepted that immunoglobulin M (IgM) provides the first line of defense during viral infections, Before the generation of adaptive, high‐affinity IgG responses that are important for long term immunity and immunological memory.

Detection of IgM antibodies tends to indicate recent exposure to virus, whereas the detection of IgG antibodies indicates virus exposure some time ago. Thus, by detection of both IgM and IgG could provide information on the virus infection time course.

Detection of IgG and IgM antibody against virus will be an indication of infection.