Question

1. Differentiate muscle hypertrophy from atrophy, and give a cause of each.
2. Differentiate a dislocation from a sprain.
3. Describe four contributing factors to osteoporosis in older women.
4. Compare osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with respect to pathophysiology, common joint affected, and characteristics of pain.
5. Explain how immobility can lead to osteoporosis.
6. Suggest several specific ways of reducing the risk of skin breakdown and ulceration.
7. Explain why the immune system must distinguish between self and non-self.
8. Predict why a person usually has chickenpox only once in a lifetime but may have influenza many times.
9. Explain why a person whose blood test shows an abnormally low leukocyte count should be given an antimicrobial drug before a tooth extraction.
10. Differentiate among HIV exposure, HIV infection, and AIDS.

Answer 1

1. Muscle atrophy and Muscle Hypertrophy

Muscle atrophy us defined as decrease in muscle mass which can lead to muscular weakness and inability to generate muscular movements.

Few of the causes are : Congestive heart failure, Renal failure, Auto immune disorders, AIDS, Carcinoma etc.

Muscular hypertrophy refers to growth and increase in the size and mass of muscle cells.

Causes are : Weightlifting, Vigorous physical exercises or exertion.

2. Dislocation and Sprain:

The bone slipping out from its normal anatomical position, that is from joint is termed as Dislocation.

Eg : Shoulder dislocation

Sprain is stretching or tearing of ligaments or tendons.

Eg : Sprain over ankle on walking over uneven surfaces

3. Causes for Osteoporosis in older women:

Women have smaller and lighter bones

The menopausal effect on bone making it more susceptible for reducing the bone mass

Reduced oestrogen and progesterone in older females affects the bone health.

Reduced bone density.

4. Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder causing wearing down of cartilage leading to reduced synovial fluid.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an Autoimmune disorder causing pain, stiffness and inflammation around the affected joints

OA affects spines, hips and knee joints. RA affects larger joints like knees, shoulders, ankles as well as smaller joints like finger carpals and metacarpals. tends to develop bone spurs excess bone growth at edges of affected joints.

5. Immobility is caused due to different conditions like RTA, Stroke etc which requires a prolonged duration of inactivity or bed rest as an intervention. Immobility for a duration more than 6 months leads to disuse atrophy of the joints and the bones which leads to Osteoporosis.

6. Ways for reducing skin breakdown and ulceration:

Usually skin breakdown and ulceration are related with prolonged bed stay as an intervention and hence pressure ulcers and bed sores can be prevented by the following ways:

Assuring movement by exercises, ambulation, range of movements etc

Frequently checking the skin for any bed sores

Using water or air mattresses

Maintaining dry and hygienic skin

Resorting to healthy diet less of spice and salt

7. Importance of distinguishing self and non self in immune system

The immune system can distinguish between self and non self peptides and selectively attack the foreign cells. This helps in maintaining the antigen- antibody mechanism.

8. The reason why individuals get immunised to chicken pox, that is to herpes zoster virus whereas not to Common cold is because on affecting with chicken pox, individuals develop a lifelong immunity,