Question

In: Economics

Discuss the ”rationality under certainty” and ”rationality under uncertainy” with respect to the following: a) Provide...

Discuss the ”rationality under certainty” and ”rationality under uncertainy” with respect to the following:

a) Provide the definitions.

b) Discuss the implications for real life situations by providing an ex-

ample for (a) an individual (b) a firm

Solutions

Expert Solution

Rationality under certainty: A condition of certainty exists when the decision-maker knows with reasonable certainty what the alternatives are, what conditions are associated with each alternative, and the outcome of each alternative. Under conditions of certainty, accurate, measurable, and reliable information on which to base decisions is available. Example: The managing director of a company has just put aside a fund of $100,000 to cover the renovation of all executive offices. This money is kept in a savings account at a local bank that pays 7.50 percent interest. Half of the money will be drawn out next month and the rest when the job is completed in 90 days. Can the managing director determine today how much interest will be earned on the money over the next 90 days?Given the fact that the managing director knows how much is being invested, the length of investment time, and the interest rate, the answer is yes. Investment of the funds in a local bank branch is a decision made under conditions of certainty. The outcome in terms of interest is known today. Rationality under uncertainty: The ‘Savage Paradigm’ of rational decision making under uncertainty has become the dominant model of individual human behavior in mainstream economics, and is an integral part of most of game theorytoday. However, this model has been criticized as inadequate from both normative and descriptive viewpoints. The various strands of this critical movement form the topic known as ‘bounded rationality.’ This article sketches the historical roots and some current developments of this movement, distinguishing between attempts to extend the Savage Paradigm (‘costly rationality’) and the need for more radical departures (‘truly bounded rationality’). Bounded rationality is the idea that an individual’s ability to act rationally is constrained by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time and resources they have to make a decision. Example: you're walking down the cereal aisle, looking for a healthy cereal. It'd be impossible to research every brand of cereal and compare nutritional information to find the healthiest one, right? Comparing the ingredients between just two cereals is tiring enough, much less trying to compare hundreds of them. You just don't have the time. Instead, you'd probably associate 'healthy' with an ingredient like whole wheat, find a box that says, '100% Whole Grain' and toss it in your basket. You found something that met the criteria for 'healthy,' in your mind, selected it, and moved along, without knowing whether it actually was the best choice.


Related Solutions

Discuss the ”rationality under certainty” and ”rationality under uncertainy” with respect to the following: a) Provide...
Discuss the ”rationality under certainty” and ”rationality under uncertainy” with respect to the following: a) Provide the definitions. b) Discuss the implications for real life situations by providing an ex- ample for (a) an individual (b) a firm
Discuss the differences between decision making under certainty, under risk, and under uncertainty.
Discuss the differences between decision making under certainty, under risk, and under uncertainty.
Discuss the differences among decision-making under certainty, decision-making under risk, and decision-making under uncertainty. Using the...
Discuss the differences among decision-making under certainty, decision-making under risk, and decision-making under uncertainty. Using the EMV criterion with a decision tree, describe how you would determine the best decision. Briefly discuss how a utility function can be assessed. What is a standard gamble, and how is it used in determining utility values?
What is the difference between expected payoff under certainty and expected payoff under risk? Explain the...
What is the difference between expected payoff under certainty and expected payoff under risk? Explain the basic decision environment categories
1.Explain the concept of rationality in respect to financial markets. 2.Explain how, according to Shleifer (2000),...
1.Explain the concept of rationality in respect to financial markets. 2.Explain how, according to Shleifer (2000), supporters of EMH reconcile irrationality with efficient markets in the case of: i)Uncorrelated trading strategies ii)Correlated trading strategies 3.According to neoclassical theories, prices are always set according to asset risk (The CAPM). What are the behavioural implications of this assertion?
Question 5. Under the assumptions of normality and rationality, what is the probability to observe negative...
Question 5. Under the assumptions of normality and rationality, what is the probability to observe negative returns from Country A? What is the expected loss at the 5% level? What can you advise based on these predictions? Question 6. Under the assumptions of normality and rationality, what is the probability to observe negative returns from Country B? What is the expected loss at the 10% level? What can you advise based on these predictions? (8marks) µA ≈ 1.976 µB =...
Address one of the following questions. 1. Discuss how the assumptions of certainty, non-negativity, proportionality, and...
Address one of the following questions. 1. Discuss how the assumptions of certainty, non-negativity, proportionality, and divisibility are necessary to solve linear programming models? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of network models? Then, please respond to a student who answered a different question than the one you addressed. Your answer should be 3-4 paragraphs (150-200 words). Responses to other students should be one paragraph (about 50-75 words). Repeating the question does not count as a paragraph.
Discuss the experimental economics findings for these rationality as- sumptions: a) In general, do the experimental...
Discuss the experimental economics findings for these rationality as- sumptions: a) In general, do the experimental economics data sets support the rationality postulate of neo-classical economics? a) Provide one example of a game, provide its equilibrium and discuss the data sets from the experimental economics literature for that game: discuss whether the data sets support that equilibrium or not.
With respect to the Cash Flow statement indicate whether the following listed items are categorized under:...
With respect to the Cash Flow statement indicate whether the following listed items are categorized under: (O)Cash Flow from Operating Activity (I)Cash Flow from Investing Activity (F)Cash Flow From Financing Activity: a) Cash received:Sale of Property,Plant and Equipment.__ b) Cash Received From Customers___ c) Cash Paid to repurchase Outstanding shares Common Stock___ d)Cash Paid to Retire Bonds___ e)Cash received sale of reporting firm’s Common Stock.____ f)Cash Paid for employee wages.___ g)Cash Dividends Paid___ h)Cash Paid for Property Plant and Equipment___...
“Price is always equal to average revenue. It is a mathematical certainty.” Discuss this statement fully....
“Price is always equal to average revenue. It is a mathematical certainty.” Discuss this statement fully. Does this imply that P is always equal to marginal revenue as well?
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT