Question

Please the essay I need it's an essay about

The Unites States' foreign policy and how they employ public diplomacy.

Need to identify

-Foreign policy objectives

-Program diplomacy objectives

It should be 2000 words or more.

-The connection or lack thereof, between public diplomacy and foreign policy objectives

.

Answer 1

Public diplomacy is that "form of international Political Advocacy in which the civilians of one country use legitimate means to reach out to the civilians of another country in order to gain popular support for negotiations occurring through diplomatic channels."

Public diplomacy and the American people

The potency of U.S. public diplomacy is integrally connected to the American people. The role of the private sector in American public diplomacy is indispensable.

As Kristin Lord writes,

To be most influential, American public diplomacy should tap into and mobilize these private actors as much as possible – as advocated by countless recent reports. This should happen within current official structures. In addition, the United States should find new ways to engage private actors and employs technology, media, and private sector expertise.

In the end, America must communicate a sense of herself. As Harvard professor Joseph Nye states, the strength of American soft power comes from its ability to "inspire the dreams and desires of others."

Moves Toward a Permanent U.S. Public Diplomacy Capacity
U.S. government efforts to communicate with foreign publics have historically increased as perceived threats to national security grow, particularly during times of war. During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson established the Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee) which represented the U.S. government’s first large scale efforts at information dissemination to both domestic and foreign audiences. President Wilson established the Committee initially to counter German propaganda, but it began disseminating its own distortions of the truth and propaganda to both U.S. and foreign audiences. At the end of the First World War, the Creel Committee was disbanded.
During the Second World War, President Franklin Roosevelt established the Office of War Information (OWI) to provide American and foreign audiences with news of the war, U.S. war policies, and the activities and aims of the U.S. government. Voice of America (VOA), which is the oldest of the U.S. government radio broadcasting services was an integral part of OWI’s programs. In 1948, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9608, terminating the OWI and transferring its international information functions to the Department of State. VOA, which also was transferred to the State Department, then became the official overseas broadcast arm of the United States.
As the United States became more deeply involved in the Cold War with the Soviet Bloc nations, the United States and the Congress began creating programs to counter Soviet influence and once again compete in a war of hearts and minds. The original Fulbright Act of 1946 was enacted to mandate peacetime international exchange programs. In 1948, Congress passed the Smith-Mundt Act, described previously. While serving as the charter for peacetime overseas information programs, some contend that this act was intended from the outset to provide the authority for the U.S. government to engage vigorously in a non-military battle with the Soviet Union, which then U.S.-diplomat and Soviet specialist George Kennan described as having declared psychological
11
On August 1, 1953, following the recommendations of several commissions, President Dwight
Eisenhower created the independent United States Information Agency (USIA) to organize and
implement U.S. government international information and exchange programs in support of U.S.
12
United States Information Agency
With its establishment in 1953, USIA became the agency responsible for executing U.S. public diplomacy efforts to understand, inform, and influence foreign publics in promotion of the U.S.
11 Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs James K. Glassman, Keynote Address at the 2009 Smith-Mundt Symposium, Washington, January 13, 2009.
12 On May 1, 1953, President Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10476, Administration of Foreign Aid and Foreign Information Functions, and Executive Order 10477, Authorizing the Director of the United States Information Agency.

interests, and to broaden the dialogue between Americans and foreign publics. USIA’s stated goals were
• explaining and advocating U.S. policies in terms that are credible and meaningful in foreign cultures;
• providing information about the official policies of the United States, and about the people, values, and institutions which influence those policies;
• bringing the benefits of international engagement to American citizens and institutions by helping them build strong long-term relationships with their counterparts overseas; and
• advising the President and U.S. government policy-makers on the ways in which
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During the 46 years of the Cold War, USIA was headed by a Director, a Deputy Director, and three Associate Directors who led its major bureaus: the Bureau of Information, the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, and the Bureau of Management. USIA’s support offices included the Office of Public Liaison, the Office of the General Counsel, and the Office of Research and Media Reaction. The Office of Research and Media Reaction conducted polling
14
The Bureau of Information produced and distributed to USIS offices in the field a variety of publications in as many as 30 languages supporting U.S. policy objectives, such as an explanation of U.S. drug policy. The Bureau also published books and pamphlets providing information on U.S. history, politics, economy, and culture, and adopted new technologies for information delivery. The Bureau utilized new technologies as they became available, such as teletype, to move informational materials to the field. When the Bureau began utilizing the Internet, availability of printed materials and other types of information grew dramatically. Examples of information sent through electronic media from Washington headquarters included
• the Washington File, which provided official U.S. public statements on U.S. policy;
• a USIA website, and temporary USIA-sponsored, issue-specific websites such as a site covering the Kyoto Climate Change Conference;
• access to the Foreign Affairs Documentation Collection, which contained selected authenticated versions of treaties and other international agreements; and
13 United States Information Agency, United States Information Agency, Washington, D.C., October 1998, p. 5.
14 The Office of Research and Media Reaction published the Early Report each morning, the mid-day Daily Digest, and
periodic Special Reports prepared for particular U.S. government agencies upon request in disseminating its analysis.

• an electronic journal with articles that could be downloaded as formatted publications for print distribution on a variety of topics, from providing background on U.S. society and values to NATO-enlargement issues.
In addition, the Bureau’s Speakers Program sent several hundred recognized U.S. speakers to foreign countries each year. U.S. embassies could organize speaking engagements on college campuses, with the press, or with the general public. While their trips were sponsored by the U.S. government, these speakers expressed their own views, which proved attractive to audiences, according to many public diplomacy officers:
When the United States Information Agency existed, there were on-going debates between
public diplomacy officers and political officers as to whether official speakers and official
events should stick to the party line or incorporate opposing ideas as well.... When USIA-
sponsored academics respectfully differed with current policy, the result from the audiences
was unalloyed admiration for the courage of the U.S. in showcasing free and open
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The Information Bureau also made speakers available through video and telephone conferences to ensure a more timely discussion of current issues. A link for a video conference using satellites could be established through several embassies at one time.
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
The Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs was responsible for the administration of relationships with a variety of educational and cultural exchanges. The Bureau administered both the academic exchanges and the professional and cultural exchanges. Examples of academic exchanges are the Fulbright Program, which provides for the exchange of students, scholars, and teachers between the United States and other countries, and the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program, which facilitates academic study and internships in the United States for mid-career professionals from developing nations. The professional and cultural exchanges included the International Visitors Program, which brought current and promising leaders of other countries to the United States to travel around the country, meet their counterparts, and learn about and experience U.S. society and culture. The Bureau also ran programs for cultural ambassadors, such as musicians, artists, sports figures, and writers to share American culture with foreign publics.
Bureau of Management
As the name suggests, the Bureau of Management provided agency-wide management support and administrative services. USIA had control of its own human resources program with its own recruiting, employment, assignments and career tracks that were separate from the Department of State. It also controlled its own budget and support of its own operations.