Question

Define :

12.   Deterrence
13.   Conservatism
14.   Political ideology
15.   Democratic socialism
16.   Social safety net
17.   Hard power
18.   Soft power
19.   Multilateralism
20.   Unilateralism
21.   Realism
22.   Liberal institutionalism
23.   Perpetual Peace
24.   Anarchy
25.   Interdependence
26.   The Golden Arches Principle
27.   Balance of Power
28.   Populism

Answer 1

12. Deterrence is the principle of discouraging an action that is wrong by creating a fear of consequences. This might restrict the potential wrongdoers from committing that particular act.

Eg : Punishing a person with jail term for offences, nuclear deterrence used by major countries

13. Conservatism is the principle of upholding the traditional values and cultures with a reluctance to change.This culture blocks innovation and modernization in the society while there are many political and ideological principles associated with them.

Eg : Social beliefs against same sex marriage, abortion, etc.

14. Political ideologies are certain set of values, myths and principles upon which plans of action for public policies are built in order to change the social and political arrangements of a particular political community. There are different types of political ideologies namely Communism, Marxism, Conservatism, etc.

15. Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy within a society where people have the democratic rights over the economy as well. The principle says that democracy and socialism should go hand in hand and everyone must reap the benefits rather than a few classes.

16. The Social safety net is a method to protect the socially vulnerable backward classes of citizens by providing adequate economic and social benefits. This may include social security pensions, fee waivers in educational institutions, direct cash transfer, etc. These are done to uplift those vulnerable sections of society.

17.Hard power is the use of economic and military means to influence the decisions taken by another political entity, be it another country or others within the country, to a favorable one. It is a regressive model of influencing power which is often practiced by authorities.

Eg : Economic sanctions, Military influences, etc.

18. Soft power is rather a democratic approach towards influencing another political community by persuasive dialogues that are done on the basis of preferences rather than hard power influences. This is most widely accepted model of international relations where economic and cultural values are associated in the process. A soft power using country will have an edge in the diplomatic relations.

19. Multilateralism is the process or principle of organizing three or more countries to form a constant dialogue centre through which development and growth principles can be formed using a coordinated framework of policies. Those policies and frameworks should be in mutual interest by all the participating entities and a dispute settlement method should also be enforced.

Eg : United Nations is a multilateral body

20. Unilateralism is the principle that supports only one sided action. This action may disregard the other parties associated with the matter, but regardless of that, policy decisions are made. This is widely seen in international relations in the 21st century.

Eg : Actions of various political heads regarding multilateral institutions

21. Realism is the concept of representing the things as they are without extra additions or imaginations. The act of visionary principles is curtailed and things are depicted as real as they are. Here, facts are more suitable and accepted and being practical is the ideology.

22. Liberal institutionalism is a modern day principle of international relations that advocates more cooperation among international institutions and organizations. This promotes the collective growth of the multilateral entities. It is a more rational type of approach.

23. Perpetual peace indicates that a permanent establishment of peace is achieved over a certain geographical area. It is applicable to those places which are in conflict where rather than a truce, a permanent settlement of disputes is done. It is often mentioned in the international arena.

24. Anarchy is a state where there is no authority to govern and the state is being freely constituted. This might be because of the sections of society rejects the ideology of traditional forms of governing institutions. They follow economic self reliance, mutual cooperation,etc. There are certain countries that had the principles of anarchy mainly due to the outbreak of civil wars and economic collapses.

Eg: England

25. Interdependence is a concept where two or more entities are being mutually dependent on each other on various fronts and it is a form of close relationship among parties. The dependence might be for various factors of economy that benefit the parties or for other parts of society.

Eg : People, animals, organizations, etc. depend upon one another.

26.Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention was put forward by economist Thomas Friedman. It explains how globalization affects the relationship between countries and helps to ease conflicts and disputes. It arbitrarily states that "no two countries that both have McDonald's franchises have ever gone to war." It is because when economies are integrated, the cost of war and conflicts will be huge and they rather go into an effective diplomatic solutions for problems.

27. Balance of power is an international principle through which states build up power through internal means or by alliances with other countries upon the fear that a dominant state may enforce it's power over other countries. It is a practical method of power distribution through which a balance of power is made.

Eg : Various international alliances

28. Populism is a political principle followed by regions or groups where they feel that the pleas of common man are neglected over the elite class. Various political parties follows this ideology which was brought up in the 19th century. It emphasizes the idea of people as a collective entity over a certain section.