Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

This is for chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16 in the anatomy SALDIN textbook, I am...

This is for chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16 in the anatomy SALDIN textbook, I am really struggling please give as many details as possible I haven't been getting full credit from the answers I have received from here.. THANK YOU SO SO MUCH.

1. How does accommodation of muscle spindles figure in the importance of stretch routines as a warm-up for exercise?

2. Lionel suffered a ruptured artery in his middle cranial fossa. As a consequence a pool of blood compressed his left optic tract, destroying its fibers. What part of the visual field was blinded?

3. Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb and then noticed his arms were getting weaker and tingling. Explain what you think could be his problem.

4. After surgery, patients are often temporarily unable to urinate, and bowel sounds are absent.   What division of the ANS is affected by anesthesia?

5. Describe how vibration of the tympanic membrane ultimately produces fluctuations of membrane voltage in a cochlear hair cell?

Solutions

Expert Solution

1. When muscle spindles are stretched, the reflex sends impulses back to contract the muscle. With static stretching, accommodation decreases the strength of the stretch reflex resulting in the muscle to relax and stretch more, reducing the risk of tearing muscle tissue during exercise.

2. the left optic tract contains nerves carrying visual information from the right half of the visual field. So Lionel cant see the right half of his visual space.

3. The cause for Ralph symptoms is crutch palsy. Crutch palsy is the compression of radial nerve or part of brachial plexus due to crutches causing motor and sensory impairment in arm and hand.

4. Parasympathetic division is involved.

5. Vibration of tympanic membrane results in ossicles to exert pressure on oval window. Oval window Puts pressure on perilymph, altering inner ear pressure which causes basal membrane to move up and down. The cells in the membrane have hair like projections called stereo cilia that have gated ion channels. These hair cells move with the basilar membrane and hit the tectoral membrane. The bending allows potassium to flow into the cell and  depolarizes it. This results in release of neurotransmitters.  


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