Question

In: Biology

give detailed answers 1. what is the difference between shine Dagarno and Kozak sequence ? 2....

give detailed answers

1. what is the difference between shine Dagarno and Kozak sequence ?

2. discuss ribosomal components

Solutions

Expert Solution

Ribosomal Binding Site (RBS):

This site, located at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA transcript, regulates protein synthesis based on its sequence and structure.

There are two consensus sequences, named Kozak and Shine Dalgarno (after their discoverers), which are known to facilitate efficient translation in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes respectively.

Name

Type of Organism

Description

Kozak Sequence

Eukaryote

Preferred sequence context which allows effective ribosomal binding at initiation site. The favored context is:
-6 -5 -4  -3 -2 -1   1   2   3   4
G   C   C   A C   C   A U G G
around the initiating methionine (AUG), with the A at the -3 being the most important, and a purine at +4, preferably Gbeing next most influential.

Shine Dalgarno (SD) Sequence

Prokaryote

The SD sequence is complementary to the 3' end of the 16S rRNA. Its consensus sequence is 5'-UAAGGAGG-3' which is followed by an initiation codon, most commonly AUG. (About 8% of start sites use GUG, whereas UUG and AUU are rare initiators present in autogenously regulated genes). The optimal spacing between the SD sequence and the start codon is 8 nt, but translation initiation is severely affected only if this distance is reduced below 4 nt or increased above 14 nt. [Shine, J. and Dalgarno, L. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 57, 221.]
An additional mRNA feature affecting translation initiation is the downstream box (DB), located after the initiation codon and complementary to bases 1469-1483 of the 16S rRNA. DBs consensus sequence is: 5'-AUGAAUCACAAAGUG-3'.

Ribosomes:

Components:

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis(translation).

Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

Ribosomes consist of two major components:

the small ribosomal subunits, which read the RNA and

the large subunits, which join amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

Each subunit comprises one or more ribosomal (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein or rProtein).

The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.


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