Question

The following table shows ceremonial ranking and type of pottery sherd for a random sample of 434 sherds at an archaeological location.

Ceremonial Ranking	Cooking Jar Sherds	Decorated Jar Sherds (Noncooking)	Row Total
A	81	54	135
B	94	51	145
C	77	77	154
Column Total	252	182	434

Use a chi-square test to determine if ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent at the 0.05 level of significance.

(a) What is the level of significance?


State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H₀: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.
H₁: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

H₀: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.
H₁: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent.   

  H₀: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent.
H₁: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

H₀: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent.
H₁: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent.

(b) Find the value of the chi-square statistic for the sample. (Round the expected frequencies to at least three decimal places. Round the test statistic to three decimal places.)


Are all the expected frequencies greater than 5?

Yes

No     

What sampling distribution will you use?

normal

uniform     

binomial

Student's t

chi-square

What are the degrees of freedom?


(c) Find or estimate the P-value of the sample test statistic. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

p-value > 0.100

0.050 < p-value < 0.100     

0.025 < p-value < 0.050

0.010 < p-value < 0.025

0.005 < p-value < 0.010

p-value < 0.005

(d) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis of independence?

Since the P-value > α, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Since the P-value > α, we reject the null hypothesis.     

Since the P-value ≤ α, we reject the null hypothesis.

Since the P-value ≤ α, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

(e) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

At the 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

At the 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

Answer 1

I have used MINITAB software

Steps:

1. Enter the data   
2. 
3. 
4. ok

output

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(a) What is the level of significance?   

State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H0: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are independent.
H1: Ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

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(b)Find the value of the chi-square statistic for the sample. Answer: 7.045

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Are all the expected frequencies greater than 5?

Answer:Yes

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What sampling distribution will you use?Answer: chi-square

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What are the degrees of freedom?

Answer:2

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(c) Find or estimate the P-value of the sample test statistic.

Answer: p value=0.03

0.025 < p-value < 0.050

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(d) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis of independence?

Answer:Since the P-value ≤ α, we reject the null hypothesis.

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(e) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

Answer:At the 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that ceremonial ranking and pottery type are not independent.

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