Question

using two specific examples, explain why phylogenetics is a useful scientific tool for studying organismal biology.

Answer 1

Phylogenetics is important because it enriches our understanding of how genes, genomes, species (and molecular sequences more generally) evolve. Through phylogenetics, we learn not only how the sequences came to be the way they are today, but also general principles that enable us to predict how they will change in the future. This is not only of fundamental importance but also extremely useful for numerous applications :-

1. Classification: Phylogenetics based on sequence data provides us with more accurate descriptions of patterns of relatedness than was available before the advent of molecular sequencing. Phylogenetics now informs the Linnaean classification of new species.
2. Forensics: Phylogenetics is used to assess DNA evidence presented in court cases to inform situations, e.g. where someone has committed a crime, when food is contaminated, or where the father of a child is unknown.  
3. Identifying the origin of pathogens: Molecular sequencing technologies and phylogenetic approaches can be used to learn more about a new pathogen outbreak. This includes finding out about which species the pathogen is related to and subsequently the likely source of transmission. This can lead to new recommendations for public health policy.
4. Conservation: Phylogenetics can help to inform conservation policy when conservation biologists have to make tough decisions about which species they try to prevent from becoming extinct.