In: Civil Engineering
(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices. (i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks] (ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks] (iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice. [2 marks] (c) A 55m long dam wall holds back water that is 175m deep. Calculate: (i) The hydrostatic force exerted by water on the dam. [1.5 marks] (ii) The overturning moment generated about the dam base. [1.5 marks] (d) A block of an unknown material weighs 9.5 N in air and 8.9 N when submerged in water. What is the density of the material? [5 marks]