Question

In: Biology

There are two classes of bacterial exotoxins that are based on their target. Identify the two classes of exotoxin and the target for each.

­­­­Lecture Homework Assignment (LHA) #4

Bio 2010 Microbiology

Print Name: _________________________                                       Section # ________

Virulence Factors:

There are two classes of bacterial exotoxins that are based on their target. Identify the two classes of exotoxin and the target for each. (1/2 pt. ea.; 2 pts. Total)

Type of Exotoxin                                              Target

Other than exotoxins, name two virulence factors associated with bacterial pathogens. (½ pt. ea.; 1 pts. Total)

Foodborne Disease:

Differentiate between the following types of foodborne disease in terms of (1/2 pt. ea.; 3 pts. Total):

i) what is ingested; ii) relative length of incubation period; iii) relative duration of period of illness. (NOTE: For answers ii) and iii), do NOT give specific number of hours, days, etc., but rather the relative length of time compared to each other.

Intoxication:

i)

ii)

iii)

Foodborne infection:

i)

ii)

iii)

Name two pathogens (Genus & species) for each of the two types of foodborne disease. (½ pt. ea.; 2 pts. Total)

Intoxication:

1.)

2.)

Foodborne infection:

1.)

2.)

Antibiotic Resistance:

What are the two things that mankind is doing that result in increasing levels of antibiotic resistance? (Answers should be one word each.) (1/2 pt. ea.; 1 pt. Total)

1.)

2.)

Penicillin, cephalosporin, monobactams, and carbapenums all belong to the same class of antibiotics, based on a common molecular structure in each. 1.) What is the name of this chemical structure?   2.) On the basis of this molecular structure, what is the name given to the class of enzymes that cleaves it? (Hint: The term is generic to all of these enzymes. Do not provide names that only apply to a single antibiotic.)   3.) Draw a picture of this structure and only this structure, and label each atom. (1/2 pt. ea.; 1 ½ pt. Total)

1.)

2.)

               

                3.)

Penicillin inhibits what metabolic process in susceptible bacterial cells? Be specific. (Hint: This is an example of one of the five ‘mechanisms of resistance,’ of certain bacteria against certain antibiotics. It also is the basis of the Ames Test, to determine potential chemical carcinogens.) (1 pt. Total)

Viruses:

Identify, in the correct order, the steps during the replication of an enveloped animal virus. (½ pt. ea.; 3 pts. Total)

Transfer of genes from one bacterium to another may be accomplished by incorrect assembly of bacteriophage that contain gene(s) from the original host bacterium. This process is known as what? One word answer. (1 pt. Total)

What are the three ‘Golden Rules’ of genetics that also apply to viruses? (1/2 pt. ea.; 1 ½ pt. Total)

1.)

2.)

               

                3.)

Immunity: Match the Immunological Process with the best description of the Type of Immunity elicited. Each Immunological Process can be used only one time, but the Type of Immunity may be associated with more than one Immunological Process. (1/2 pt. ea.; 3 pts. Total)

Type of Immunity

Immunological Process

          11. Artificially-acquired, Passive immunity

A. Complement Activation by Alternative Pathway

          12. Artificially-acquired, Active immunity

B. Infectious disease

          13. Naturally-acquired, Passive immunity

C. Transfer antibodies from another immune animal

          14. Naturally-acquired, Active immunity

D. Vaccination

           15. Non-specific immunity

E. Breastfeeding neonate

F. Phagocytosis of complement opsonized antigen

microbiology assignment

Solutions

Expert Solution

@ Based on the target tissue, Exotoxins can be classified as Neurotoxins and Cardiotoxins. Nervous tissue or synaptic vesicles or nerve endings may be target of neurotoxins. Examples are botulin and tetanus toxins. Cardiotoxins, as the name indicates targets the cardiac tissue. Examples are Stretolysin O, Listeriolysin.

@ Other than toxins, bacterial appendages like Capsule and pili act as virulence factors.

@Penicillin, cephalosporin, monobactams, and carbapenums all belong to the same class of antibiotics, based on a common molecular structure in each. 1.) What is the name of this chemical structure?

Beta lactam ring

@ On the basis of this molecular structure, what is the name given to the class of enzymes that cleaves it?

Betalactamase

Draw the structure : you can find the structure of beta lactam ring online. please google. It is a Square with N and O atoms in two corners of the square.

@ Penicillin inhibits what metabolic process in susceptible bacterial cells?

It inhibits Cell wall synthesis. In the molecular level, penicillin inhibits transpeptidase enzyme.

@ Identify, in the correct order, the steps during the replication of an enveloped animal virus.

Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Biosynthesis, Assembly or Maturation, Release by budding

@ Transfer of genes from one bacterium to another may be accomplished by incorrect assembly of bacteriophage that contain gene(s) from the original host bacterium. This process is known as what?

Answer : Transduction.

@ Three golden rules of genetics

1. Law of dominance

2. Law of seggregation

3. Law of Independent assortment

@ Match the following

11. Artificially-acquired, Passive immunity - C. Transfer antibodies from another immune animal

12. Artificially-acquired, Active immunity - D. Vaccination

13. Naturally-acquired, Passive immunity - E. Breastfeeding neonate

14. Naturally-acquired, Active immunity - B. Infectious disease

15. Non-specific immunity - F. Phagocytosis of complement opsonized antigen and A. Complement Activation by Alternative Pathway

 


Related Solutions

Explain the characteristics of, and differences between, the two types of bacterial toxins (Endotoxins and Exotoxins)....
Explain the characteristics of, and differences between, the two types of bacterial toxins (Endotoxins and Exotoxins). Include details of their properties, modes of action on the host, and provide an example of each type of toxin.
One potential cancer therapy is to remodel an AB-type exotoxin in order to target the toxin...
One potential cancer therapy is to remodel an AB-type exotoxin in order to target the toxin specifically to cancer and kill them. Describe how you would modify the exotoxin to achieve this. In your answer, include a description of the function of the A and B subunit.
Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the exact same activity and host cell target as diphtheria...
Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the exact same activity and host cell target as diphtheria toxin. Yet, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection does not result in the same symptoms or clinical manifestation as diphtheria. Can you think of any reason(s) why this might be the case? Rat cells are known to be resistant to diphtheria toxin. Yet, like humans, EF-2 from rats contains diphthamide. Propose a hypothesis to explain why rat cells are resistant to diphtheria. Can you think of a...
1. Identify the three classes of noninfluential and two classes of influential investments in securities. 2....
1. Identify the three classes of noninfluential and two classes of influential investments in securities. 2. Under that conditions should investments be classified as current assets? As long-term assets? 3. for investments in available-for-sale securities, how are unrealized holding gains and losses reported?
Identify two chemical classes of hormones, how do these different hormone classes affect the way these...
Identify two chemical classes of hormones, how do these different hormone classes affect the way these hormones are transported and how they interact and affect change on their target cells
C++ Assignment 1: Make two classes practice For each of the two classes you will create...
C++ Assignment 1: Make two classes practice For each of the two classes you will create for this assignment, create an *.h and *.cpp file that contains the class definition and the member functions. You will also have a main file 'main.cpp' that obviously contains the main() function, and will instantiate the objects and test them. Class #1 Ideas for class one are WebSite, Shoes, Beer, Book, Song, Movie, TVShow, Computer, Bike, VideoGame, Car, etc Take your chosen class from...
The two major bacterial classes (i.e. Gram-positive and Gram-negative) are known to exhibit different sensitivities to...
The two major bacterial classes (i.e. Gram-positive and Gram-negative) are known to exhibit different sensitivities to antibiotics – for example, vancomycin and simple penicillins exhibit potent antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria but not against Gram-negative bacteria. Explain why Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to many antibiotics, with specific reference to the differences in the cell wall/membrane structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
A small school has only two 4th grade classes and two 5th grade classes. Each year,...
A small school has only two 4th grade classes and two 5th grade classes. Each year, students at the school take the Nebraska Test of Basic Skills (NTBS) in math and Language Arts. The Excel file, 745 Project Data, contains all of the scores for a certain class tracked over their 4th and 5th grade years. Create a frequency distribution and cumulative frequency distribution of the 4th Grade Math test scores for all of the students. Use 5 classes. Create...
A small school has only two 4th grade classes and two 5th grade classes. Each year,...
A small school has only two 4th grade classes and two 5th grade classes. Each year, students at the school take the Nebraska Test of Basic Skills (NTBS) in math and Language Arts. The Excel file, 745 Project Data, contains all of the scores for a certain class tracked over their 4th and 5th grade years. Create a frequency distribution and cumulative frequency distribution of the 4th Grade Math test scores for all of the students. Use 5 classes. Create...
Identify the bacterial genus/species that best fits each of the following descriptions and offer a brief...
Identify the bacterial genus/species that best fits each of the following descriptions and offer a brief description (note: there is no one correct answer for most). ​a. The gamma proteobacterial genus/species that is well suited to degrade hydrocarbons ​in an oil spill. ​b. A Gram-positive rod used in dairy fermentation ​c. The Gram-positive genus that presents the greatest source of bacterial damage to the ​beekeeping ​industry. ​d. The proteobacterium known to reduce heavy metal contamination.
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT