Question

CATABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATED CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 4 MAIN STAGES

Stage 1 is ___________ which occurs in the __________-. At the end of stage 1 Carbohydrates have been converted to ______________.

Stage 2 for monosaccharides is formation of pyruvate which occurs in the ________. Formation of pyruvate from glucose is called ________________.

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate moves to the mitochondria where it is converted to ____________, resulting in fewer ATP being produced.

Stage 3: involves a cycle of chemical reactions. Three common names for this cycle are:

citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle and Kreb's. The molcule ________ enters the Citric Acid Cycle. What are the products of the CItric Acid Cycle?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. The electron carries (coenzymes) involved are derivatives of ______________ vitamins.

Stage 4: Electron Transport and Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) Reduced coenzymes carry ______ to ______ __________ ________ found in the inner membrane of the ____________. Electrons are transferred along carrier molecules. This helps set up a ______ gradient which used to power a large motor like enzyme called ATP synthase. This process accounts for 90% of the cell's _________ production.

Answer 1

Stage 1 is breakdown which occurs in the mouth. At the end of stage 1 carbohydrate have been converted to monosaccharides (smaller subunits).

Stage 2 for monosaccharides is formation of pyruvate which occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. Formation of pyruvate from glucose is called glycolysis.

Under aerobic condition pyruvate moves to the mitochondria where it is converted to Acetyl CoA, resulting in fewer ATP being produced.

Stage 3 involves a cycle of chemical reactions. Three common name for this cycle are:

Citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle and Krebs’s.

The molecule Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.

Products of citric acid cycle are: NADH, FADH2, CO2, ATP/GTP molecule.

The electron carriers (coenzyme) involved are derivates of NADH, FADH2 are derivates of B3 and B2 vitamin.

Stage 4: Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Reduced coenzyme carry electron to NADH-Q oxidoreductase, Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

Electrons are transferred along carrier molecules. This helps set up a proton gradient which used to power a large motor like enzyme ATP synthase. This process accounts for 90% of cell’s ATP production.