Question

The settlement of foundations is typically the result of three separate occurrences that take place in the soil which provides support. List these factors and give a brief description of each.

Explain the difference between soil compression, soil consolidation, and compaction. Explain the difference between a normally consolidate and an over-consolidated soil deposit.   

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Answer 1

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factor responsible for settlement of foundation:

1: the soil below foundation of soil deforms elastically: soil exhibit both plastic and elastic deformation on application of load upto certain limit, there are some reversible deformation due to application of load.

2: volume change due to reduction in water content and air content: due to reduction in water content as load applied will apply pressure which in turn will consolidate the soil resulting reduction in water content as water will ooze out ,same occurs when air comes out of void these two process result in decrease in volume of soil which in turn produces settlement.

3:plastic deformation in soil due to very high loading: it is the permanent deformation is soil layer due to application of very high loading, it occurs after prolonged loading, loading with high stresses for long time result in change in structure of soil known as secondary deformation. there has been a readjustment of soil particles in it.

compression consolidation and compaction:

compression is the property of soil to decrease its volume due to application of mechanical loading. compression occurs due to expulsion of water and air from voids , rearrangement of soil particles as well as deformation of solid particles.

consolidation is the process of transfer of load from pore water to soil particles to decrease it volume. or we can say process of compression is called consolidation.

compaction is process by which soil is densified by expulsion or displacement of air from pores of soil grain.

consolidation:water expulsion

compaction: air expulsion

normally consolidated soil: soil which is experiencing the highest stress of its lifetime, or say if a soil is experiencing highest effective stress that is been observed by soil ever then soil is normally consolidated soil.

over consolidated soil:it the effective stress experienced by soil is not the highest that it has experienced in its lifetime, then the soil is known as overconsolidated soil.

let a soil experience a effective stress of 50n/mm2 and it is the highest effective stress it ever experienced than the soil is normally consolidated soil. if the same soil is again experiences a effective stress of 35n/mm2 then the stress it is experiencing is less than that it has highest experienced hence in this condition the soil is overconsolidated.