Question

For the Fermentation experiment, describe how you could increase the rate of CO2 production by adding enzymes to sucrose and starch. Which enzymes would you use and what would be your predictions on CO2 production rates in relation to the other carbohydrates?

Explain how your measurements would be affected if the seeds broke down their energy source through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but did not utilize the electron transport chain until later

Research the environments of the following microbes. Based on their environment, which utilize cellular respiration or fermentation
a. Clostridium difficile
b. Micrococcus luteus

Answer 1

Answer:

Q-1):

• Sucrose can be broken down into glucose by the enzyme, invertase, which produces one glucose and one fructose molecule, since sucrose is a disaccharide.
• Starch is broken down into glucose by the enzyme amylase, which produces several glucose molecules from one starch molecule, since starch is a polymer.
• Thus, when sucrose is used only two molecules of glucose is produced whereas when starch is used many molecules of glucose is produced.
• Glucose is the initial substrate of fermentation.
• As the number of glucose molecules is more from the starch the fermentation that is carried out by using the starch and amylase enzyme will will produce more carbon dioxide where is when sucrose is used the produce carbon dioxide concentration will be lesser.

Q-2):

• From every glucose molecule that enters into the cellular respiration, only 2 ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis.
• From each, glucose that enters into the glycolysis two pyruvate molecules are produced at the end of the glycolysis and each pyruvate molecule is converted into acetyl coA that enters the citric acid cycle.
• From each acetyl coA that enters in the citric acid cycle, 1 ATP molecule is produced.
• Thus, from two acetyl coAs, 2 ATP molecules are produced in their respective citric acid cycles.
• So, after the completion of glycolysis and citric acid cycle from one glucose molecule a total number of 4 ATP molecules are produced.
• if the reducing equivalents that are generated during the glycolysis and citric acid cycle enter the electron transport chain and if the oxidative phosphorylation takes place then the remaining 34 ATP molecules are generated and the total number of ATP molecules that will be generated by the entire cellular respiration will be 38.
• If the seeds are not entering the electron transport chain then they will be left with the production of only very less number of ATP molecules by their glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

Q-3):

a);

• C. difficile is an obligate gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that can survive in environments under aerobic conditions by forming spores.
• Clostridia bacteria lack aerobic respiration in their natural environment, large intestine, where oxygen is not present and actually generate their ATP via anaerobic fermentation.

b):

• Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe.
• M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal flora of the mammalian skin. These bacteria make ATP by aerobic respiration and may also ferment sugars aerobically.
• So, number of ATP molecules that are produced will be more by these bacteria.

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