Question

1. What are the adavantges and dissadvantages of staining biochemical test and Bergey's manual when identifying an unknown organism?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantaged kf tbr genomic approach?

of the *

Answer 1

Answer-1)Berger's manual of systemic bacteriology is known as the main resource for the identification of prokaryotic organisms especially bacterial species .The volume 1 of Berger's manual include information of all types of Gram negative bacteria and volume 2 consists of all types of gram positive bacteria.And the volume 3 consists of the remaining ,slightly different gram negative bacteria and the arches.The last volume,the volume 4 has information on filamentous actinomycetes.

Now the advantages of Gram staining -i) it gives quick results while examining infections.ii)it helps with determining appropriate treatments for infection.iii)it is simple and cost effective iv)it allows for various methods of testing. And last but not the least it is the key procedure in identifying bacteria.

Disadvantage of gram staining-i)it has side effects ii)it has risk factor of infection.iii)has significant limitation for environmental microbiology .Iv)sometimes it may lead to misinterpretation.

Answer-2)advantages-i)scientific information with potential medical implications is obtained ii)there is almost a technical accuracy. Iii)protecting the privacy of genetic information and access to informed consent are viewed as important by the general public,and are key influencing factors in public interest in direct to consumer genomic testing.iv)staying ahead of non genetic healthcare providers and a single test in lifetime.v)cascade testing to other family members vi)cost saving vii)information of value to future generations in a clients family.

Disadvantage-i)A chance of test faliure.as factors outside the control of the service provider tasked with isolation and sequencing of DNA can negatively influence the quality of the genome sequence and therefore it's interpretation .Ii) analytical validity- how accurately and reliably genome sequencing measures genome variants is termed analytical validity.Analytical validity depends on how many time a nucleotide base is read by the sequencing platform during the sequencing precess. Iii)privacy-genomic information has the potential to impact relationship with family members. Iv)discrimination-while many countries have implemented laws that can ban discrimination based on genetic information.v)structural varients-While technologies used to sequence DNA are highly accurate at deciphering the sequence ,the majority of available technologies have limited scope in being able to determine so called structural variants.