Question

Vision

1. __________ photoreceptors are used for bright light conditions and for seeing _______. ________ photoreceptors are used form dim light conditions. There are ______types of cones. Blue cones respond best to light of _____; Red cones respond best to light of ________; and green cones respond best to light of _________. Rods respond best to light of _______.
2. The part of the photoreceptor that responds to light is the __________ which is made of ________ and ________.
3. In the dark, cGMP opens _________ on the photoreceptors which allows ______ to enter. This is called the __________ which depolarizes the ________ which releases ________ to inhibit bipolar cells. As a result, bipolar cells can’t activate __________. As a result, no _________ is generated in the optic nerve.
4. In the light, photons of light strike to photopigments to convert ________ to _______. This change activates _________ which activates __________ which converts cGMP to ________. A decrease in cGMP decreases the _________ current. As a result, bipolar cells are no longer inhibited by _______. Bipolar cells then stimulate _________ which generate action potentials in the ________.
5. The scotopic system uses many _________ to activate fewer ________ which activate fewer _________. This is an example of __________. This system uses _________ to respond to low intensity light
6. The photopic system uses __________ to activate __________ to activate __________. Due to the lack of __________, this system is not suitable for __________ but it is ideal for _________.
7. Visual pathway
   1. Bipolar cells synapse with _______ in the retina which, in turn, synapse in the ________; third order neurons then terminate in the _________ where vision is perceived.
8. Vision abnormalities
   1. _________ is also called nearsightedness; in this condition image comes into focus _________
   2. _________ is also called farsightedness; in this condition, image comes into focus ________
   3. _________ is condition that prevents the image from coming into focus
   4. _________ is normal vision

Hearing

1. The pitch of a sound is based on its ________. The loudness of sound is based on its ________. Loudness is measure using a _________ scale. 20 db is ________ times louder than the hearing threshold.

Answer 1

Vision

_Cones_ photoreceptors are used for bright light conditions and for seeing _Colour vision__. _____Rods___ photoreceptors are used form dim light conditions. There are ___Three___types of cones. Blue cones respond best to light of __445nm___; Red cones respond best to light of _____575nm___; and green cones respond best to light of _____535nm____. Rods respond best to light of ____507nm___.

The part of the photoreceptor that responds to light is the _____Rhodpsin_____ which is made of ___Scotopsin_____ and ___retinal_____.

In the dark, cGMP opens _____cGMP gated Na+ channel____ on the photoreceptors which allows __Sodium and calcium____ to enter. This is called the _____Dark current_____ which depolarizes the ____Flow of ions____ which releases ____glutamate___ to inhibit bipolar cells. As a result, bipolar cells can’t activate _All trans retin____. As a result, no ______action potential ___ is generated in the optic nerve.

In the light, photons of light strike to photopigments to convert _____Rhodospin ___ to ___metarhodopsin____. This change activates ____Tansducin_____ which activates ____Phosphodiesterase______ which converts cGMP to ___5'-GMP_____. A decrease in cGMP decreases the ____Dark_____ current. As a result, bipolar cells are no longer inhibited by ____Glutamate___. Bipolar cells then stimulate ____CNG Channels_____ which generate action potentials in the ___Optic nerve_____.

Visual pathway

Bipolar cells synapse with _____Rods and cones__ in the retina which, in turn, synapse in the _____Ganglionic cell___; third order neurons then terminate in the _____Visual cortex____ where vision is perceived.

Vision abnormalities

_____Myopia____ is also called nearsightedness; in this condition image comes into focus ___Before the retina______

______Hyperopia___ is also called farsightedness; in this condition, image comes into focus ________

____Presbyopia_____ is condition that prevents the image from coming into focus

____Emmetropia_____ is normal vision

Hearing

The pitch of a sound is based on its _____Frequency___. The loudness of sound is based on its ____amount of energy or intensity____. Loudness is measure using a ___Decible______ scale. 20 db is _____two___ times louder than the hearing threshold.