Question

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

1. Identify key sources of disagreement between Freud and three neo-Freudians and demonstrate how each of the neo-Freudians has resolved the differences.

2. According to Adler, it was key events and circumstances that shaped how children perceived themselves, or rather, shaped the story they told themselves about themselves. In your own life, is the story you tell about yourself very different from how you view yourself?

Answer 1

Ans. 1-Freudian concept:

Definition of personality as per Freud:

Human Personality: The adult personality emerges as a composite of early childhood experiences, based on how these experiences are consciously and unconsciously processed within human developmental stages, and how these experiences shape the personality.

Stages of Development:

• Oral (0 – 1.5 years of age): Fixation on all things oral. If not satisfactorily met there is the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or behaviors.
• Anal (1.5 to 3 years of age): As indicated this stage is primarily related to developing healthy toilet training habits.
• Phallic (3 – 5 year of age): The development of healthy substitutes for the sexual attraction boys and girls have toward a parent of the opposite gender.
• Latency (5 – 12 years of age): The development of healthy dormant sexual feelings for the opposite sex.
• Genital (12 – adulthood): All tasks from the previous four stages are integrated into the mind allowing for the onset of healthy sexual feelings and behaviors.

Super ego

Each stage is processed through Freud’s concept of the human mind as a three tier system consisting of the superego, the ego, and the id. The super ego functions at a conscious level. It serves as a type of screening center for what is going on. It is at this level that society and parental guidance is weighed against personal pleasure and gain as directed by ones id. Obviously, this puts in motion situations ripe for conflict.

Ego

Much like a judge in a trial, once experiences are processed through the superego and the id they fall into the ego to mediate a satisfactory outcome. Originally, Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory.

Id

The egocentric center of the human universe, Freud believed that within this one level, the id is constantly fighting to have our way in everything we undertake.

Neo-Freudian Disagreements With Freud:

There are a few different reasons why these neo-Freudian thinkers disagreed with Freud. For example, Erik Erikson believed that Freud was incorrect to think that personality was shaped almost entirely by childhood events. Other issues that motivated neo-Freudian thinkers including:

1. Freud's emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivator.
2. Freud's negative view of human nature.
3. Freud's belief that personality was shaped entirely by early childhood experiences.
4. Freud's lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on behavior and personality.

While the neo-Freudian's may have been influenced by Freud, they developed their own unique theories and perspectives on human development, personality, and behavior.

Major Neo-Freudian Thinkers:

Carl Jung- Freud and Jung once had a close friendship, but Jung broke away to form his own ideas. Jung referred to his theory of personality as analytical psychology, and he introduced the concept of the collective unconscious. He described this as a universal structure shared by all members of the same species containing all of the instincts and archetypes that influence human behavior. Jung still placed great emphasis on the unconscious, but his theory placed a higher emphasis on his concept of the collective unconscious rather than the personal unconscious. Like many of the other neo-Freudian's, Jung also focused less on sex than did Freud.

Alfred Adler-Adler believed that Freud's theories focused too heavily on sex as the primary motivator for human behavior. Instead, Adler placed a lesser emphasis on the role of the unconscious and a greater focus on interpersonal and social influences. His approach, known as individual psychology, was centered on the drive that all people have to compensate for their feelings of inferiority. The inferiority complex, he suggested, was a person's feelings and doubts that they do not measure up to other people or to society's expectations.

Erik Erikson-While Freud believed that personality was mostly set in stone during early childhood, Erikson felt that development continued throughout life. He also believed that not all conflicts were unconscious. Many were conscious and the result, he thought, from the developmental process itself. Erikson de-emphasized the role of sex as a motivator for behavior and instead placed a much stronger focus on the role of social relationships. His eight-stage theory of psychosocial development concentrates on a series of developmental conflicts that occur throughout the lifespan, from birth until death. At each stage, people face a crisis that must be resolved to develop certain psychological strengths.

Karen Horney- Horney was one of the first women trained in psychoanalysis, and she was also one of the first to criticize Freud's depictions of women as inferior to men. Horney objected to Freud's portrayal of women as suffering from "penis envy." Instead, she suggested that men experience "womb envy" because they are unable to bear children. Her theory focuses on how behavior was influenced by a number of different neurotic needs.

Assumptions	Jung	Freud
Nature and purpose of the libido	A generalized source of psychic energy motivating a range of behaviors.	A source of psychic energy specific to sexual gratification.
Nature of the unconscious	A storehouse of repressed memories specific to the individual and our ancestral past.	A storehouse for unacceptable repressed desires specific to the individual.
Cause of behavior	Past experiences in addition to future aspiration.	Past experiences, particularly in childhood.

Ans. 2- In real life as well, there is a huge difference in the way we percieve ourself and the story we tell. Most humans only prefer telling their strenghts and positivities and try hiding the negative part. Most of us prefer to tell things that would benefit us. Although we percieve ourselves in a different and whole new way, we would never prefer telling that.