Question

1. Hormones:

   	A.	relay a message from one cell only to its neighboring cells.
   	B.	have the same effects on all cell types.
   	C.	are made only of proteins.
   	D.	bind to receptors and cause transmission of a signal to the interior of the cell.

2. Which of the following is NOT true of metabolic fates in liver cells?

   	A.	Excess dietary carbohydrates and amino acids can be used to synthesize fats.
   	B.	Glucose 6-phosphate can be used to synthesize glycogen.
   	C.	Amino acids can be used to make glucose or fatty acids.
   	D.	Lipids cannot be oxidized to generate ATP.

3. Insulin does NOT:

   	A.	increase glucose uptake by the liver.
   	B.	stimulate TAG synthesis in adipocytes.
   	C.	inhibit PFK-1 in muscle.
   	D.	inhibit glycogen phosphorylase.

4. Which of the following is a metabolic effect of glucagon release?

   	A.	Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase
   	B.	Activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
   	C.	Stimulation of glycogen synthesis
   	D.	Prevents glycolysis in liver

5. Diabetes is NOT associated with:

   	A.	ketosis.
   	B.	disfunction of the insulin signaling pathway.
   	C.	glucosuria.
   	D.	less frequent urination.

Answer 1

Ans.1: Hormones are chemical messengers or signalling molecules that are produced by specific glands, and transported to target organs (interior cells) for relaying message to specific receptor cells that responds to this signals.Hence, each hormones will have their own specific effect on the target cells,depending upont the receptor cells that responds to the signal. Further, hormones can be either Protein hormones,made of amino acids or Steroid hormones that are made up lipids.

Hence, the answer is ' bind to receptors and cause transmission of a signal to the interior of the cell.' Rest all are false statements.

Ans.2: Liver plays a very crucial role of synthesizing molecules that can be used by various other parts of the body, and regulating balance of energy in animals. Major role of liver is to maintain normal glucose level in blood through carbohydrate metabolism. Excess glucose intake is countered by the liver through immediate conversion of glycogen, through glycogenesis. At the same time, when the glucose levels go down, the liver returns glucose into blood through glycogenolysis.When glycogen reserves are exhausted the liver activates certain enzymes that can even synthesize glucose out of amino acids , a process called gluconeogenesis.

Apart from this, liver has the unique functionality to metabolise lipids.They oxidizes triglycerides to produce energy(ATP).They convert excess carbohydrates or proteins into fatty acids or triglycerides, that are stored as energy in tissues.

Liver also plays an important role in protein metabolism.They synthesize amino acids that are non essential.

Hence, the answer is 'Lipids cannot be oxidized to generate ATP', which is False.

Ans.3: Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the pancreas which controls the level of glucose in blood through signalling the liver for uptake of glcose from blood. Thus it hepls in providing the cells with energy in the form of glucose.If required energy is met, insulin directs liver for glucose uptake to store it in the fom of glycogen, a process called glycogenesis. Glucose phosphorylation is the intial step of glycogenesis, where phosphorylation of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate occurs through glycolysis.

Hence, the answer is 'inhibit glycogen phosphorylase', which is not false.

Ans.4: The primary function of glucogen is to maintain normal glucose concentration in blood.It inhibits increase in blood glucose levels. When level of glucose in blood begins to fall, the requirement for extra glucose in blood is met by glucagon through stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose or by activating gluconeogenesis, where glucose is synthesized from amino acids.Glucagon also helps in coserving glucose through lipolysis of triglyceride, and storing in adipose tissue which provides energy to most cells.

Hence, the answer is ' Stimulation of glycogen synthesis', which is true.

Ans.5: Diabetes is disease where the amount of sugar in blood becomes higher than normal levels due to inefficient functioning of the insulin hormones. In certain cases where there is a complete deficiency of insulin,like in Type 1 diabetes, the level of ketones in the blood or urine becomes elevated, a metabolic state called as ketosis. When blood sugar levels go high, more glucose is released through urine, a condition called Glycosuria.This is common for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Defective insulin signaling pathways can cause insulin resistance, that is, required amount of insulin won't be prodced leading Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also cause frequent urination because of presence of excess glucose in blood, which is countered by the kidneys through flushing them out of the blood and then via urine.

Hence, the answer is ' less frequent urination', which is not associated with diabetes.