Question

The efficiency and management of lighting are becoming a high priority in commissioning new buildings and upgrading existing security systems.

Write 6-7 pages on the following:

From a physical security perspective, what are the two primary purposes of efficient illumination? How does lighting enables or deters criminal activities? Name and describe at least five attributes business operators should know about lighting. Further, detail the significance of these attributes and the importance of energy management.

Answer 1

From a security perspective, two major purposes of lighting are to create a psychological deterrent to intrusion and to enable detection. Good lighting is considered such an effective crime control method that the law, in many locales, requires buildings to maintain adequate lighting.

How Improved Lighting Could REDUCE Crime

In Darkness

1. Improved lighting deters potential offenders by increasing the risk that they will be seen or recognized when committing crimes.
2. Police become more visible, thus leading to a decision to desist from crime.
3. If improved lighting leads to the arrest and imprisonment of repeat offenders they can no longer commit crimes in the area.
4. New lighting can encourage residents to spend more time on their stoops or in their front yards in the evenings and thus increase informal surveillance.
5. Improved lighting can encourage more people to walk at night, which would increase informal surveillance.

In Daylight

1. New lighting shows that city government and the police are determined to control crime. As a result, potential offenders might no longer see the neighborhood as affording easy pickings. In additions, citizens might be motivated to pass on information about offenders.
2. Better lighting can increase community pride and cohesiveness, leading to a greater willingness to intervene in crime and to report it.
3. If offenders commit crime in both light and darkness, nighttime arrests and subsequent imprisonment would reduce both daytime and nighttime crime.

How Improved Lighting Could INCREASE Crime (adapted from Pease1999)

In Darkness

1. Increased social activity outside the home in the evenings can increase the number of unoccupied homes available for burglary.
2. Increased visibility of potential victims allows better assessment of their vulnerability and the value of what they carry. Offenders might more easily be able to see if parked cars contain valuable items.
3. Increased visibility allows better judgment of the proximity of "capable guardians" who might intervene in crime.
4. Better lighting might facilitate activities like drug dealing and prostitution.
5. Better lit streets might attract disorderly youths from nearby areas.
6. Improved lighting of rarely used footpaths might facilitate undesirable behavior.

In Daylight

1. Disorderly activities focused upon a newly illuminated area can spill over into the use of that place as a daylight meeting point.

attributes business operators should know about lighting.

1.Work in Neutral Postures

Your posture provides a good starting point for evaluating the tasks that you do. The best positions in which to work are those that keep the body "in neutral."

2. Reduce Excessive Force

Excessive force on your joints can create a potential for fatigue and injury. In practical terms, the action item is for you to identify specific instances of excessive force and think of ways to make improvements.

3. Keep Everything in Easy Reach

The next principle deals with keeping things within easy reach. In many ways, this principle is redundant with posture, but it helps to evaluate a task from this specific perspective.

4.Work at Proper Heights

Working at the right height is also a way to make things easier.

5. Reduce Excessive Motions

The next principle to think about is the number of motions you make throughout a day, whether with your fingers, your wrists, your arms, or your back.

importance of energy management.

Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices, emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you should save energy at your organization specifically.

The global need to save energy

If it wasn't for the global need to save energy, the term "energy management" might never have even been coined... Globally we need to save energy in order to:

• Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make it last.
• Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply.

Controlling and reducing energy consumption at your organization

Energy management is the means to controlling and reducing your organization's energy consumption... And controlling and reducing your organization's energy consumption is important because it enables you to:

• Reduce costs – this is becoming increasingly important as energy costs rise.
• Reduce carbon emissions and the environmental damage that they cause - as well as the cost-related implications of carbon taxes and the like, your organization may be keen to reduce its carbon footprint to promote a green, sustainable image. Not least because promoting such an image is often good for the bottom line.
• Reduce risk – the more energy you consume, the greater the risk that energy price increases or supply shortages could seriously affect your profitability, or even make it impossible for your business/organization to continue. With energy management you can reduce this risk by reducing your demand for energy and by controlling it so as to make it more predictable.