Briefly describe how lactate is formed within skeletal muscle
during exercise. Consider the exercise intensity and the metabolic
system required for lactate formation. Then, describe why lactate
is physiologically relevant for an athlete and not just some waste
byproduct that you want to clear.
Briefly describe three ways that insulin is stimulated?
A direct response to high glucose is not an acceptable
answer.
What is the clinical relevance of detecting glucose in
the urine?
Blood glucose levels are under the control of the hormones
insulin and glucagon. Describe the control of blood glucose levels
in a (normal) individual following a carbohydrate meal.
Describe the general effects of blood insulin and blood
glucagon on 1) glucose uptake by cells and 2)
catabolic/anabolic reactions in the body.
Distinguish between catabolic and anabolic
reactions.
Describe the events that occur during the manufacture and
secretion of the insulin protein in a pancreatic cell (eukaryotic
cell). Begin with expression of the insulin gene. Be sure you
describe the transcription, processing, and translation steps,
giving detail for the initiation stage of transcription and
translation (what features of DNA and RNA tell the machinery where
to start and what machinery is involved). Once the protein is
translated, describe the pathway and cellular organelles involved
in the transport of...
During high-intensity exercise such as sprinting or lifting a
very heavy weight, energy is provided to cells by the phosphogen
system (or ATP-PC system), which only works for a few seconds. If
the diffusion constant of ATP is 3 ×10−10 m2
s-1, how far could this molecule diffuse in 5 seconds?
(not 5.477E-5 m)
Q: Blood Lactate Levels during Vigorous Exercise. The
concentrations of lactate in blood plasma before, during, and after
a 400 m sprint are shown in the flowing graph.
a. What causes the rapid rise in lactate concentration?
b. What causes the decline in lactate concentration after
completion of the sprint? Why does the decline occur more slowly
than the increase?
c. Why is the concentration of lactate not zero during the
resting state?
Describe the chain of events where high blood glucose causes
insulin release from pancreatic cells, and ultimately alters the
metabolism inside of cells.