Question

a.Explain the functional roles of kidney in the maintenance of water balance in the body.

b.Illustrate the damages of blood capillaries during the disease process of diabetes.

Answer 1

A. kidney is an organ in humam body which produce urine that is made up of waste products, excess mineral ions and excess water from the body.

The main job of your kidneysis to regulate the amount of water in the body and balance the concentration of mineral ions in the blood.

Kidney conserve water during dehydration and make urine more diluted to expel excess water if needed.

ADH is a hormone that helps the body to retain water by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys.

The particles and fluid removed from the blood, the filtrate moved from Bowman's capsule to the proximal tubule, the loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting tubule.urine is formed in the collecting duct and then exit through the ureter and the bladder.

Kidney uses active, passive and osmotic transport while regulating the water balance in the body.

B. High glucose levels reduce the levels of vasodilator ,nitric oxide in blood vessels, that increases the risk of high blood pressure and eventually narrows down the vessels.

Increased levels of sugars and fats promote oxidative stress, the production of excessive amount of oxygen derived free radicals that can damage blood capillaries.

Excess blood sugar also decreases the elasticity of the blood vessels and make them narrow, and reduced blood flow. It can lead to the reduced supply of blood and oxygen,which inturn increasing the risk of high blood pressure and damage to the large and small blood vessels.