Question

I understand what the collectivists and individualists are but what is horizontal culture? What is Vertical culture? It says that Israli is a horizontal collectivist, and China is a vertical collectivist. It says that Australia is a horizontal individualist, and America is a vertical individualist.

Answer 1

Horizontal orientation focuses on impartiality and equal opportunities.
Vertical orientation focuses on the ranking of society
Individualism emphasizes independent self-construals, exchange relationships, attitudes, and personal goals.
Collectivism emphasizes interdependent self-construals, communal relationships, norms, and in-group goals.

This can further be divided into 4 subclasses.

Horizontal Individualism (HI) assesses the extent to which individuals strive to be distinct without desiring special status.
Horizontal Collectivism (HC) assesses the extent to which individuals emphasize interdependence but "do not submit easily to authority."
Vertical Individualism (VI) assesses the extent to which individuals strive to be distinct and desire special status.
Vertical Collectivism (VC) assesses the extent to which individuals emphasize interdependence and competition with out-groups.

Examples of these are:

a. HI - The individual often does what he finds best and most enjoyable.

b. HC - The happiness and comfort of those around me is important to me

c. VI - I am unable to stand other people doing better than me

d. VC - I would give up anything that is disapproved by my loved ones