Question

Hello, please answer and explain the following questions and topics regarding cell and tissue characteristics

1) Predict the effects of dysfunction in each cellular organelle

2) Differentiate the four functions of the cell membrane

3) Predict how changes in oxygen delivery to cell change cellular respiration and levels of adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide.

4) Predict changes in membrane potentials based on diffusion of ions

5) Link the process of cell differentiation to the development of organ systems in the embryo and the regeneration of tissues in postnatal life.

Answer 1

1. Cell membrane - leaking of cellular components and loss of cell integrity

Nucleus- results in improper gene expression and results in cell death or abnormal cell proliferation as in cancers

Golgi bodies- abnormal secretory pathways, which package and secrete proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria- decreased ATP synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species generation

endoplasmic reticulum- affects post transnational modifications of proteins

2. Functions of cell membrane

Passive osmosis and diffusion

Transmembrane protein channels and transporters

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

3. Cellular respiration can occur using oxygen and without oxygen. In presence of oxygen glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell and produces Carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Cellular respiration in presence of oxygen produces large number of ATP and CO2 whereas in absence of oxygen results in production of less number of ATP and lactic acid and CO2

4. Membrane potential

potential difference across the membrane is called as the membrane potential. Different types of ions moves across the membrane includes K+, Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, H+. Membrane is selectively permeable for ions and moves across membrane by diffusion untill equilibrium concentration is maintained which results in altered levels of different positive and negative charged ions inside and outside the cell. This results in resting membrane potential and when the cell is excited results in opening of ion channels and movement of ions and results in change of membrane potential.

5. Cellular differentiation results in change of cellular form to other specialized form. Embryonic cells are pluoripotent and differentiates into different organs whereas adults stem cells differentiate as specific cell type such as hematopoitic stem cells produces blood, mesenchymal stem cells helps in production of fat cells, stromal cells as well as a given type of bone cell.