Question

Q1. Kwasi Manu (a 54-year-old man) examined by an ophthalmologist was found to have a
bitemporal hemianopia. Radiologic and biochemical examinations showed the pituitary gland to
be of normal size and function.
a) What visual pathway structure is responsible for the visual field defect - bitemporal
hemianopia?
b) What other anatomic structure, if enlarged, might press on the visual pathway structure
named in (i) above?

Q2. Dr Serwaa examined the fundi of a 30-year-old man by means of an ophthalmoscope. Dr
Serwaa was experiencing difficulty distinguishing between retinal arteries and veins. What are
the normal visible differences between retinal arteries and veins?

Q3. An inflammation of the ciliary body and iris may give rise to a so-called ciliary injection.
Describe the arteries that give rise to the ciliary injection.

Q4. What is the innervation of the sphincter and dilator pupillae muscles?

Q5. Corneal deturgescence is dependent upon:
i)……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ii)……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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iii)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Answer 1

Answer 1:

a): The visual pathway structure responsible for the visual field defect bitemporal hemianopia is optic chiasma. Optic chiasma is caused by crossing of optic nerve in the brain which causes the visual coretex to receive the same visual field from both of the eyes. When optic chiasma gets pressed by any tumor in the pituitary then there is some problem in the visual field which is called as bitemporal hemianopia.

b): The optic chiasma might get pressed by any tumor of pituitary or by any tumor near the pituitary called as craniopharyngiomas or by meningiomas i.e tumor of meninges.

Answer 2:

The normal visible difference between retinal arteries and veins are: Retinal veins are dark whereas retinal arteries are bright, Retinal arteries are thinner when compared to retinal veins, Central reflex is wide in retinal arteries whereas in retinal vein the central reflex is small and Before branching near the optical disc the retinal arteries and retinal veins alternate with each other.