a) Interaction between particles is described by exchange of virtual bosons. The range of interaction is inversely proportional to the rest mass of these exchange bosons. Explain using diagrams why the force responsible for binding nucleons into nucleus has a range of ~10-15 m, even though the rest mass of the exchange gluons is zero.

b) Using appropriate Feynman diagrams for the electromagnetic interaction between two electrons, as well as for the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, contrast the electromagnetic and strong interaction at large distances. Using these arguments, explain why quarks are confined into hadrons.

1. Formulate the Second Law of thermodynamics and explain why the simple example of a kitchen refrigerator does not violate it.

• A 600 kg elevator accelerates upward from rest for 10 seconds through 40.0 m. Find the cable tension.
• a) 5130 N
• b) 5400 N
• c) 6360 N
• d) 6630 N

The absolute zero temperature is equal to 0 k or -273.15. Why we cannot create objects with even lower temperature than 0k? Why the absolute zero temperature exists? What happens ( on microscopic scale) to atoms and molecules when their temperature is near the absolute zero?

There are three ways that radiating light can interact with matter. (a)List those 
processes and Illustrate each processes using simple two level system. (b) which 
one is the basis of lasing? (c) In that (lasing) process, explain why emitted photon 
has the same phase, polarization and direction as the exciting photon.

A person pushes a 500kg crate with a force of 700 N across a concrete floor. Given the coefficicent of kinetic friction is 0.100 what is the acceleration of the crate across the floor?

A cue ball traveling at 4.0 m/s makes a glancing, elastic collision with a target ball of equal mass that is initially at rest. The cue ball is deflected so that it makes an angle of 30° with its original direction of travel.

(a) Find the angle between the velocity vectors of the two balls after the collision. °

(b) Find the speed of each ball after the collision. cue ball m/s target ball m/s

a) Calculate the x- and y-components of the following two force vectors:

F1 = 200 Newtons @ 30°, F2 = 100 Newtons @ 135°

b) What is the magnitude & direction of the resultant vector:

R = F1 + F2

3. A football is kicked on a horizontal field at an angle of 40° and a speed of 27 m/sec.

a) What are the horizontal & vertical components of the initial velocity?

b) Using just your answer for part a, what are the horizontal & vertical components of the final velocity (no calculation necessary although you can calculate the values if that turns you on)?

c) How long was the football in the air? (Hint: use the two values for y-velocities above - don’t forget about minus signs.)

d) How far horizontally did the ball travel?

4. A car has a maximum acceleration of 5.4 m/s2 when it carries only the driver and has a total mass of 1100 kg. What is its maximum acceleration after picking up four passengers, adding an additional 300 kg of mass?

(Hint: the maximum acceleration in both cases is when the car’s engine is putting out the most power it can, which is the same in both cases.)

5. Calculate the average force (just magnitude) a bumper would have to exert to bring a 1200-kg car to rest in 15 cm when the car had an initial speed of 2.0 m/s (about 4.5 mph).

A group is considering installing a solar power station and has asked you for your recommendation for a photovoltaic system or a solar thermal system. At this stage you are asked not to include cost factors. The single point design condition they have given you is for an incident solar radiation on the collector of 550 W/m2, a surrounding temperature of 18 C. The dead state for this problem should be taken as To = 291 K, Po = 1 bar. You can perform your analysis at steady state conditions. In addition to determining the power output and first law efficiency of the options, you have been requested to determine the exergy destroyed for each of them. The photovoltaic system has an efficiency of 0.15 defined as the power output/incident solar radiation. The basic photovoltaic collector is 1.1 m2 and losses heat from both the front and back surface. The edge area can be neglected. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2 K. The inverter and signal conditioning device used to connect the photovoltaic collector to the grid and household has an efficiency of 0.87. The inverter operates isothermally. The solar thermal collector will heat the working fluid from a temperature of 32 C and has a concentration factor of 10,000. The concentration factor is the ratio of the incident solar radiation on the heat transfer surface to the incident solar radiation area. It is a concentrating collector with an opening of 1.1 m2 and a heat transfer area of 0.05 m2. The mass flow rate of the working fluid through the system is 0.009 Kg/s. The heat transfer area is not equal to the area of absorption. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 1.0 W/m2 K. The heat transfer from the collector can be considered to be at the average temperature of the working fluid, (Tin + Tout)/2. The specific heat of the working fluid is 678 J/(Kg K). The useful energy from this collector system is the change in the enthalpy of the flow through the system. The working fluid enters a heat engine with an efficiency of 0.30 that is connected to a generator with an efficiency of 0.90. The generator operates isothermally.

Answer the following:

a) Determine the power output for each type of system for a basic collector area.

b) Determine the exergy destroyed for each type of system.

c) Which system would you recommend on this analysis? This question neglects the costs.

A solenoid having an inductance of 3.3 ? is connected in series with a 4.7 Ω resistor. If a
10.0 ? battery is connected across the pair
Please Answer these 3 following questions.

(a) Find the equilibrium current in the circuit.
(b) How long will it take for the current to reach 80% of its final value?
(c) How much energy is dissipated by the resistor during the first 3 seconds?

A projectile is launched with an initial velocity vo at an angle theta above the horizontal.
In terms of vo, theta and acceleration due to gravity g, determine for the projectile
i) the time to reach its maximum height and
ii) its maximum height.

Suppose that you live in a flat-land, i,e a 2d flat universe, produce a derivation for the form of the translation partition function, and comment on the equations with clear explanation?

The wave function for a harmonic wave on a string is y(x, t) = (0.0010 m) sin((69.8 m^-1)x + (309 s^-1)t).

(a) In what direction does this wave travel?

+x-x    

What is its speed?
m/s

(b) Find the wavelength of this wave.
m
Find its frequency.
Hz
Find its period.
s

(c) What is the maximum speed of any string segment?
m/s

As shown below, a 840 kg car traveling east collides with a 1730 kg pickup truck that is traveling north. The two vehicles stick together as a result of the collision. After the collision, the wreckage is sliding at v_f = 19 m/s in the direction θ = 25° east of north. Calculate the speed of each vehicle before the collision. The collision occurs during a heavy rainstorm so you can ignore friction forces between the vehicles and the wet road. Express your answers using apropriate mks units.

A.) v_car,i =

B.) v_truck,i =

C.) Determine what fraction of the total initial KE is turned into thermal energy as a result of the collision.

=

A mystery planet and its moon are found revolving around a nearby star. The star is a K3 Main Sequence star with a mass of approximately 0.8 M☉ and a radius of 0.78 R☉. The planet is believed to be terrestrial (Earth-like, and therefore of a similar density) and has an observed orbital period of 243 days. The moon orbits the planet every 13.2 hours with an average orbital radius of 19,600 km. Using this information, find:

(a)the orbital radius of the planet,

(b)the distance at which another planet in the system would have an orbital speed of 24,000 m/s,

(c)the point between the star and the planets at which the net force on a spacecraft would be zero, and

(d)the period of a 80-cm long simple pendulum with a mass of 30 grams that is swinging on the planet’s surface