Question

                           Apps and Privacy - An Ethics Case Study

Now follow the instructions given below to complete the assessment task:

• Use the title of the article/case study as the title of your argument visualisation so that the lecturer knows which article you are analysing.
• Undertake further research about your chosen case and the ethical issue involved, to assist you in analysing it in your argument visualisation
• Identify some logical arguments based on the four classical ethical theories including utilitarianism, deontology, contract, and virtue.
• Construct an argument visualisation using MindMup software. Your visualisation should contain the conclusion, and all of the reasons and objections leading to that conclusion.
• Your argument visualisation should present a logical argument

Answer 1

The term visualization is relatively new field that determine what is important to have a visible code of ethics, it establishes a standard of quality that helps us trust from clients,viewers and gives a sense of confidence and pride in their work.Some of the basic steps are given below:
1.Data collection: the collection of data is quite a easy task,sources must be reliable and verifiable, dates should be included.
2.Data Analysis:The data source is very simple and it must analysis accordingly.this is the stage where the viewer needs to trust the presenter to have done their job well.
3.Design:The last stage is creating the visuals.Creating the comprehensive guide to ethical visualization is difficult.while designing,try to accurate portray the data and analysis,using the visuals.

Importance of Ethics in Visualization:
the power of visualization connects to ethical duties and make moral obligations to designers,builders and the researchers of visualizations.This tendency to view visualization as mere reporting or structuring of objective fact is more dangerous. It is essential to understand that data and visualization are not ethically neutral. Data are not unbiased; they are always collected or processed by someone, for some aim. Often the work that goes into managing and structuring data is made invisible. Furthermore, the purposes for which data are collected and used is given less importance than the collection of insights to be gathered.

Utilitarianism: It combines consequentialism with the claim that only valuable consequence is pleasure, and the only disvaluable is pain.Some utilitarians even allow for there to be quantifiable units of pain and pleasure.
We can give easy model of the value of an action.If hedons(H) are units of pleasure and Pains(P) ,then the value of action(A)=H-P
An argument for utilitarianism:
The sole evidence it is possible to produces that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it.No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness.that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. The scenario is Divorce is given below:

Suppose Bob and Alice have been married three years, and have been growing apart every since they got married. They don’t fight much, and neither one has cheated on the other. never, given the way their interests have changed, they both now think that they will be happier not being married. Should they get divorced? What if, if they stay married Alice will be miserable and Bob will be moderately happy, while if they get divorced Barney will be miserable and Alice will be incredibly happy?

Deontology: The deontological class of ethical theories states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when engaged in decision making when ethics are in play. A person who adheres to deontological theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individual’s set duties. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one’s duty is what is considered ethically correct. For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law.

Virtue: It judges the person by character rather than by an action that may deviate from his/her normal behaviour. it will takes the person morals,motivation and reputation into account whenn rating an unusual and irregular behaviour that should consider unethical.
For example, a scientist who may have made mistakes in the past may honestly have the same late night story as the scientist in good standing. Neither of these scientists intentionally plagiarized, but the act was still committed. On the other hand, a researcher may have a sudden change from moral to immoral character may go unnoticed until a significant amount of evidence mounts up against him/her.

Contract: The contract rights established by a society are protected and given the highest priority. Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid since a large population accept them. Individuals may also rights upon others if they have the ability and resources to do so.
For example, a person may say that her friend may borrow her laptop for the afternoon. The friend who was given the ability to borrow the laptop now has a right to the laptop in the afternoon.

Problems for Virtue Ethics, utilitarianism and deontology:

• Ethics is supposed to tell us what to do, but virtue ethics is often not good at giving a particular answer. It is questionable whether happiness/living well actually consists in living virtuously .
• Virtue ethics requires that we have a proper function, but it is difficult to justify how we have a way we are supposed to work. How, evolutionarily, would that have come about?
• Whether or not we can or do wish a rule to be universalized seems to depend a lot on how specific a maxim is.
• Despite these problems, Kant accepts the results. To claim that we have a different moral obligation regarding truth when we are harboring Jewish people from Nazis is just to not understand what it is for a imperative to be “categorical” rather than hypothetical.