Question

1. Most of us produce about _?_ of filtrate per day.

   		180 liters
   		180,000 gallons
   		2.5 liters
   		0.8 liters
   		None of these are correct

filtration in the many glomerular capsules is somewhat constant except for certain conditions.  Which of the following may alter GFR?

		excess body fluids will decrease GFR
		low body volume will increase GFR
		excessive body fluid will increase GFR
		Secretion of Renin will have no effect on GFR
		Atrial natriuretic peptide, when secreted, will stimulate sodium retention by the kidneys.
		The secretion of Angiotensin II will cause vasodilation and decreased thirst.

Which choice represents an accurate route for urine?

		minor calyx to major calyx to nephron
		major calyx to the renal pyramid to the bladder
		major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter
		nephron to renal sinus to renal column

Why does aldosterone secretion help during periods of dehydration?

		Aldosterone induces sodium reabsorption which increases water retention
		Aldosterone stimulates the collecting ducts to be impermeable to water, increasing urine production
		Aldosterone blocks the action of Renin
		Aldosterone causes angiotensinogen to be neutralized.
		Two of these choices are correct

Answer 1

1) Option A -180litres

Kidney filters about 180litres of fluid per day.

But all the filtered fluids are not excreted as the Uirne. Only 1- 2 L of fluid are exreted out, the remaining fluid is reabsorbed in the kidney

2)Option C - excessive body fluid will increase GFR

When the volume of the blood is increased, it will increase the glomerular hydostatic pressure which is a favouring factor of GFR. Hence the GFR is increased.

Likewise when the body fluid decreases, GFR decreases

Renin have significant role in the GFR .

when the GFR is reduced , the juxtamedullary cell of the kidney secrete renin, renin further activate the aldosterone and increases the blood flow in to the kidney

Atrial natriuretic factor are released by the heart which act on the kidney and increases the renal excretion of the sodium

3)Option C -major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter

urine formed will enter the minor calyx

2 or 3 minor calyx combine to form major calyx

major calyx drain in to the renal pelvis

renal pelvis drain in to the ureter

ureter drain into the urinary bladder---->urethra

4)OptionA - Aldosterone induces sodium reabsorption which increases water retentioN

Aldosterone is the hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex , it act on the kidney and produce reabsorption of sodium and water retension and also potassium ion excretion

it is secreted in response of Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

renin convert the angiotensionogen to active angiotensin 2 , it further act on the adrenal cortex and release the aldosterone