Question

Compare the following terms in two or three sentences. Please provide examples if appropriate

sensation versus perception

Perceptual adaptation versus perceptual set

Unconditioned stimulus versus conditioned stimulus

Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

Short term versus long term memory

Encoding versus retrieval

Automatic versus effortful processing

Mirror neurons versus modeling

Answer 1

1. Sensation refers to the process of obtaining information from the environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to the brain for processing, which is where perception occurs. Perception is the interpretation of these sensations in order to make sense of the stimuli and surrounding environment.

2. Perceptual adaptation refers to the ability of the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions. For example, someone who is studying for their examinations can perceptually adapt such that they can ignore the noise made by his/her neighbours. On the other hand, perceptual set is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others. For instance, someone studying for their examinations would begin to notice all information relevant to his/examinations.

3. The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when an individual smells one of their favorite foods, their may immediately feel very hungry. On the other hand, the conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. For example, if the smell of the food was frequently accompanied by a whistle, the individual would begin to feel hungry at the sound of the whistle only.

4. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a reward to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. For example, giving a chocolate to a child every time she recites a poem correctly. Negative reinforcement also seeks to increase a desirable behaviour but works by removing an unfavourable stimulus when the behaviour is exhibited. For example, decreasing the time doing chores every time the child recites the poem correctly.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.