Question

3. Name the three vessels that arise from the aortic arch. Describe the routes of arterial blood supply from these vessels to the head and neck, the brain, the thorax, and the upper limb.

4. Describe the pathways and the organs supplied by the midline arteries and by the paired arteries branching off the abdominal aorta.

5. Describe the pathway of arterial supply to the pelvis and the lower limb.

6. Identify the location of pulse points in the limbs, head, and neck.

7. Trace the veins that empty into the superior vena cava as you describe the routes of
venous return from the brain, the head and neck, and the thorax and upper limbs.

8. Trace the veins that empty into the inferior vena cava as you trace venous return from the abdominal organs and from the pelvis and lower limbs.

9. Describe the structure and specific function of the hepatic portal system, and explain the significance of portal-systemic anastomoses.

10. Define atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis, venous disease of the lower limb,
aneurysm, microangiopathy of diabetes, and arteriovenous malformation.

11. Trace the cardiovascular circuit in the fetus, and explain how it changes at birth.

12. List some effects of aging on the blood vessels.

Answer 1

3)The three vessels that arise from aortic arch are brachiocephalic artery,left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. Brachiocephalic trunk again divides into right common carotid,right subclavian and vertebral artery. Vertebral artery again form midline basilary artery that enters into skull and supply blood to head ,brain ,spine ,vertebral column etc.The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and right subclavian artery supply blood to right arm.Each common carotid artery is divided into internal and external carotid artery that supply blood to the brain and face & neck respectively.

4)Midline artery form branches that enter the skull and supply blood to spinal cord,cerebellum,brain strm,posterior part of brain etc.The paired arteries branching of abdominal aorta are 3 pair of suprarenal arteries that supply blood to adrenal glands, 1 pair of the gonadal arteries supplying blood to gonadal regions,5 pair of lumbar arteries(4 pairs of lumbar arteries and 1 pair of iliac artery) that passes through muscles of abdominal wall and supply blood to inferior organs of body.

5)the femoral artery thst arises from iliac artery forms profunda femoris artery that divides into perforating branches, lateral femoral circumflex artery and medial femoral circumflex artery supply blood to different parts of thigh through their branch arteries.Again the obturator artery that arises from internal iliac artery supplies blood to adductor ,gluteus muscle etc.Tibial artery,fibular artery,dorsalis pedis etc. Supply blood to tibia ,fibula and foot regions respectively.

6)pulse point of head is temporal artery, pulse point in neck is carotid artery .In limbs, i.e. in hands brachial and radial arteries, in femur is femural artery, in tibia is tibial artery and in knee is propliteal artery, at foot is pedal artery.

7)superior vena cava is mainly formed of veins that drain into brachiocephalic veins and recieve blood from brain ,head ,neck,arms etc. Three minor veins mediastinal veins, oesophagal veins and pericardial beins also drain into superior vena cava.

8)gonadal veins,supra renal veins, lumbar veins,hepatic veins, renal veins etc. Whose branches  recieve blood from the thigh,tibiofibula,goot,gonads,liver kidney region etc. drain blood into inferior vena cava.

9)Structure and function of hepatic portal system: In hepatic portal system hepatic portal vein is the main vein and it carry blood from superior mesenteric vein that contains veins carrying deoxygenated blood from superior organs and inferior mesenteric vein carrying blood from inferior organs and gastrosplenic veins carrying blood from spleen  and gastric region .These veins enter into liver through hepatic portal vein to be detoxified by the liver.

Thses mesenteric veins carry blood from the capillaries of the organs of body and they drain it into liver through hepatic portal vein.Liver detoxify the de oxygenated toxicated blood before reaching the heart ,to secure heart muscle.

Portal systemic anastomoses provide alternative root of blood flow into liver ,if there is any blockage or damage of hepatic portsl vein to carry blood into liver.

10)Artheroscerosis is the damage of endothelium tissue of blood vessels or arteries due to formation of plaque or hard substance inside it that obstruct blood flow in the vessel. The causes of plaque formation may be excess glucose deposits in blood,eccess cholesterol deposits etc. that gradually turns into hard deposits or plaque along with other elements.It can be treated by cathetor ballooning to remove the plaque if it is starting condition or by coronary aretry bypass surgery process if the main artery bursts due to excess plaque.

The deep vein thrombosis is a condition in which mainly the blood clotting is inrerrupted due to absence or disorder in blood clotting factors.This mainly occurs in deep veins.