Question

Explain the use of post-hoc tests and a priori comparisons.

Answer 1

ANSWER::

Because post hoc tests are run to confirm where the differences occurred between groups, they should only be run when you have a shown an overall statistically significant difference in group means (i.e., a statistically significant one-way ANOVA result).

A priori: A priori tests are comparisons that the experimenter clearly intended to test before collecting any data. Post hoc: Post hoc tests are comparisons the experimenter has decided to test after collecting the data, looking at the means, and noting which means "seem" different.

Post hoc tests and a priori comparisons allow us to delve futher into where exactly group differences lie. They are used after an analysis (such as ANOVA) that reveals a difference somewhere between means to allow us to determine exactly which means differ from one another. For example, if you're comparing Groups A, B, and C using ANOVA and find a significant difference, you know only that there is a difference between at least two of the means. Post hoc and a priori tests allow us to test whether Group A is different from B and C, and whether B and C are different from one another, or whether some of those pairwise differences are nonsignificant.

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