Question

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.

Q: You are required to write a 2000 words detail report on the below topic.

- General diseases that increase the risk of infertility in male and female

Answer 1

Inability to conceive despite of having regular intercouse for one year ,Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples.the causes could be due to femmale factors or male factors ,in females causes may be due to cervical,tubal,vaginal,uterine,ovarian,endometriosis,age etc.,

Vaginal causes of infertility:
blockage
imperforate hymen
infections

Cervical causes:
low secretion of mucus
anti-sperm antibodies
closed cervix

Uterine causes:
congenital
asherman syndrome
fibroids
fibrosis
endometrial polyps
adenomyosis

Tubal causes:
fimbral end of destruction
chronic pelvic infections
short tubes
adhesions
tubal tumors

pelvic causes:
Tubal congestion
infections eith Ecoli,Gonococcus affects ovarian function and tubal movement
destruction of fimbrial ends

Ovarian causes:
polycystiic disease
functional failure
endocrinopathy
hypothalamic failure
pitutary failure
Females now a days are mostly affected by Polycystic ovarian syndrome ,

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormone imbalance problem that can interfere with normal ovulation. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.

which invoves having follicles
consisting of more than normal condition

Ovarian failure also includes chromosomal abnormalitiese,more amount of radiation exposure,autoimmune diseases
idiopathic causes

Endometrial causes:
it is the presance of endometrial tissues outside endometrial cavity,affects pregnancy by
forming adhesions
some of the other causes that leads to infertility stress and worries changs in internal hormones
decreased cervical secrretions or muscular spasm,including those lining fallopian tubes causing its obstruction
or muscles lining the uterus causing dyspareunia
stress has its effects on the hypothalamus and ovarian function

Aging decreases a woman's fertility; after age 35 about 33% of couples have fertility problems; older women's eggs are reduced in number, not as healthy and less likely to be released by the ovary – the woman is also more likely to have a miscarriage and other health problems.

Infections are other major cause of infertility 35% of women with an infertility problem are afflicted with postinflammatory changes of the oviduct or surrounding peritoneum that interfere with tuboovarian function. Salpingitis occurs in an estimated 15% of reproductive-age women maily caused by caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, C. trachomatis and gonorrheal infections, as well as mixed anaerobic infections, are the most prevalent causes of upper genital tract infections resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Candida albicans are the most prevalent bacterial, protozoan, and fungal causes of lower genital tract infections. C. trachomatis is the major cause of tubal factor infertility.2 C. trachomatis is usually recovered three to five times more frequently than Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the reproductive tracts of infected individuals. Women are twice as likely as men to acquire gonorrhea or Chlamydia during a single act of unprotected intercourse with an infected partner.infertility may also follow bloodborne infections such as tuberculosis, mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections of other pelvic sites, inflammatory complications of surgical trauma, postabortal and puerperal sepsis, and appendiceal rupture.Secondary infections of the endometrium may follow primary invasion with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae.C. trachomatis salpingitis is not uncommon in infected women after induced abortion or vaginal delivery.Identification and treatment of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae during pregnancy is recommended to reduce postdelivery salpingitis and its sequelae.

Acute
  Chlamydia trachomatis
  Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  Bacterial
  Chronic
  C. trachomatis
  Bacterial (nontuberculous)
  Tuberculous
  Nonspecific
  Other (Mycoplasma, viral, toxoplasmosis, rickettsia)
  Fibrotic
  Intrauterine (Asherman's syndrome)

IT CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY :

A urine or blood test to check for infections or a hormone problem, including thyroid function

Pelvic exam and breast exam

A sample of cervical mucus and tissue to determine if ovulation is occurring

Laparoscope inserted into the abdomen to view the condition of organs and to look for blockage, adhesions or scar tissue.

TREATMENT

Taking hormones to address a hormone imbalance, endometriosis, or a short menstrual cycle

Taking medications to stimulate ovulation

Using supplements to enhance fertility – shop supplements

Taking antibiotics to remove an infection

Having minor surgery to remove blockage or scar tissues from the fallopian tubes, uterus, or pelvic area.

In men mostly it includes Sperm problems they contribute to about 40% of infertility cases. The normal working of the male reproductive system involves first the production of sufficient numbers of functional sperm cells and then the delivery of these sperm to the ejaculate.

Infertility of men mainly includes:
Hormonal,
Testicular
Epididymis,seminal vesicle and prostate
Coital disorders
Abnormal sperm

Congenital causes:
vas aplasia
obstruction of seminal vesicles

Epididymal infections:
microorganism include gonorrhea,trachoma,chlamydia

Vasectomy:
A procedure done for male contraception ,it includes cuts in seminal ducts
which cause male infertility

Coital defects:
erectile dysfunction
penile defects
retrograde ejaculation

Acquired causes:
neurological injury
pelvic surgery
diabetes
prostate surgery
urethral dialation

Acute and chronic genital tract infections are well-known causes of infertility in men (Table 6). Episodes of acute orchitis or epididymitis may result in permanent damage to the testis or to obstruction in the efferent ejaculatory ducts. C. trachomatis causes approximately 50% of epididymitis in sexually active men under age 35

Orchitis: mumps, tuberculosis, syphilis, pancreatitis
  Epididymitis: gonorrhea, tuberculosis, chlamydiae, ureaplasmas,
  Pseudomonas, coliform, and other bacterial infections
  Seminal vesculitis: tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, other bacteria
  Urethritis: gonorrhea, chlamydiae, ureaplasmas, trichomoniasis

DIAGNOSIS:

Male infertility can be diagnosied by a semen analysis, which assesses primarily sperm numbers, sperm movement and sperm form.

TREATMENT:

1. Eat a healthy diet. Choose plenty of fruits and vegetables that are rich in antioxidants.

2. Maintain a healthy weight. Obesity and being underweight can negatively affect sperm quality, reducing both sperm count and sperm movement.

3. Manage stress. Stress can decrease sexual function and interfere with the hormones needed to produce sperm.

4. Get moving. Men should include physical activity in their daily routine.

5. Don't smoke. Men who smoke cigarettes are more likely to have low sperm counts. Smoking can also decrease sperm movement and cause sperm to be misshapen.

6. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Heavy drinking can reduce the quality and quantity of sperm. If men choose to drink alcohol they should do so only in moderation.

7. Medication: Taking the drugs that boost the sperm count and antibiotics under medical supervision.