Question

1. Kinesthetic receptors are located in the muscles, ------, joints, and the vestibular system

   		bones
   		brain
   		tendon/skin
   		placenta

Answer 1

Kinesthesis is the proprioceptive senses which involve sensitivity to internal events, position and motion of the body. It is sometimes regarded as the 'sixth sense'. The Kinesthetic sense monitors the position and movements of muscles, bones and joints. The Kinesthesis is mediated by kinesthetic receptors, which are primarily stretch receptors located in the muscles, joints, tendons and the vestibular system. These proprioreceptors are activated during distinct behaviors and detect change in body position by assessing limb velocity and movement, limb loads and limb limits. For example, the activation of knee-jerk reflex provides an explanation of kinesthesis, where the taping of the tendon of quadriceps muscle of the patella bone bya rubber hammer momentarily stretches the patellar tendon, which runs from the patella to muscles of the lower leg. The stretch receptors send impulses to the spinal cord via afferent neurons while motor neurons return the impulses back to the muscle of the leg resulting in contraction. Branched nerve endings on tendons also act as stretch receptors as it respond according to the intensity of stretch. Their response causes relaxation of the attached muscle and may serve to prevent any anatomical damage. The kinesthetic sensations are based on stimulation of the sensory nerve endings of different types at the joint capsule and of stretch receptors in the skin. The CNS integrates kinesthetic sensations and other sensory syatems such as vision and vestibular system to produce an overall representation of body position, movement and acceleration.

So, the Kinesthetic receptors are located in the muscles , tendon/skin, jointsand the vestibular system.