Question

Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between pollutants and preterm births in Southern California. During the study air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Specifically, levels of carbon monoxide were recorded in parts per million, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in parts per hundred million, and coarse particulate matter PM₁₀ in μμg/m3. Length of gestation data were collected on 143,196 births between the years 1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth. The analysis suggested that increased ambient PM₁₀ and, to a lesser degree, CO concentrations may be associated with the occurrence of preterm births.

a. The paragraph above describes an

A. Experiment
B. Observational Study

b. The cases in this research are

A. Air pollution exposure during gestation
B. Each birth between 1989 and 1993
C. Each year between 1989 and 1993
D. Each type of pollution measured by air quality monitoring stations

c. What is the research question?

A. How much air pollution is there in Southern California?
B. Are preterm births associated with air pollution levels?
C. How prevalent was preterm birth during the years 1989 to 1993?
D. How can expectant mothers avoid air pollution?

d. What is the population of interest?

A. All years for which air quality has been measured
B. All human babies
C. All environmental pollutants
D. All air quality monitoring stations

e. What is the sample?

A. The years between 1989 and 1993
B. The pollution measurements for the 4 pollutants
C. All air quality monitoring stations
D. The 143,196 births

f. Can the findings of this study be used to establish casual relationships?

A. No, because this is an experiment
B. Yes, because the sample size is so large
C. No, because this is an observational study
D. Yes, because air pollution is bad for human health

Answer 1

Answer:

a). B. Observational study ( there is no intervention).

b). B. each birth between 1989 and 1993. (birth is the study unit)

c).B. Are preterm births associated with air pollution levels.

d).B. All human babies

e). D. the 143,196 births (births are the study unit on which data collected)

f).C. No, because this is an observational study.

[OR]

Answer:

Given:

Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between pollutants and preterm births in Southern California.

During the study air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations.

a) There is no intervention, so the paragraph above describes an Observational Study .

Answer- option B.

b) The birth is the study unit, so the cases in this research are each birth between 1989 and 1993.

Answer - option B.

c) The research question is Are preterm births associated with air pollution levels ?

Answer - option B.

d) The population of interest All human babies.

Answer - option B

e) As birth is the study unit do the sample is the 143, 196 births.

Answer- option D.

f) We can not the findings of this study be used to establish casual relationships .

No, because this is an observational study.

Answer - option C.

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