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In: Biology

please i need a computer typing answer with details as possible 1-What is a substrate (futile)...

please i need a computer typing answer with details as possible

1-What is a substrate (futile) cycle? Describe an example of a pathology that develops from a substrate cycle.

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Expert Solution

ANSWER 1: Substrate (futile) cycle:- In simple terms substrate cycle or futile cycle is a phenomenon which occurs when two cyclic metabolic pathways runs simultaneously in reciprocal ways or directions and thus have no resultant effect other than emitting heat energy. Thus the reason of being called "futile" is as it does not yield any net result or use in the organisms. An hypothetical example of substrate or futile cycle would be if glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to be run together at simultaneous time, it will convert glucose to pyruvate through glycolysis and in turn the pyruvate will be again converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. ,with futile consumption of ATP.

Example of pathology :- Treating obesity, is a difficult thing to do. Obesity is very harmful and can be related to many chronic lifestyle disorders like diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. A successful study conducted on transgenic mice(has been manipulated by inserting a foreign gene in their genome) concluded that the activation of pyruvate -futile cycle through miR-378( promising agent for treatment of obesity) in skeletal muscles results in enhanced lipolysis rate in adipose tissues , this will in turn lower the body fat mass, regulate the metabolic rate and homeostasis in the organism which in turn will provide a direcction towards curing the obese patient.


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